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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PRACTICAL LESSONS 



IN 



EHGLISH GRAMMAR; 



PRINTED BY ORDER 
OF THE 



BOARD OF EDUCATION, 



FOR USE IN THE 



B SENIOR GRADE 



OF THE 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS 



OF 



ZANESVILLE, OHIO. ^ 

' OCT 5 1885 ' 



ZANESVILLE, O.: 
Sullivan & Parsons, Printers, Binders and Stationers. 

1885. 



•w>1 



* 



PREFACE. 



THE exercises in this book are such as have been used in the 
B Senior Grade of the Zanesville Public Schools. For 
convenience and to save time, they have been printed. 
In the lower grades the pupils have received instruction in 
Language Lessons suited to their grade. They have learned 
the "parts of speech" and their properties, and have analyzed 
the simple and compound sentences. Only correct language 
has been placed before them. In this grade their attention is 
directed to errors in common use. To enable them to avoid 
these errors, great stress is placed upon the syntax of the noun, 
pronoun, and verb, and upon the correction of false syntax. 
Pupils are not required to parse by any set formula. Case, the 
agreement of the pronoun with its antendent and of the verb 
with its subject, the use of the past tense' and past participle, 
are subjects that receive special attention. 

This book is not a treatise on English Grammar. The subject 
matter and the exercises have been arranged to meet the re- 
quirements of pupils of the grade for which the work has been 
prepared. 

Zanesville, Ohio, September i, 1885. 



ERRATA: 



In Art. 128, the word their should be there. 

In Art. 224, read, Past— add d or ed. 

In Art. 354, the word answer should be ask. 



PARTS OF SPEECH, 

1. A noun is a word used as the name of something; as, 

(a) Harry threw a stone at the cow. 
(0) The flowers bloom in the garden. 

2. A pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun; as, 

(a) I met James and asked him to lend me his book. 
(0) He brought it to-day. 

3. An adjective is a word used with a noun or pronoun to 

limit or describe its meaning.; as, 
(«) George is an ambitious boy. 

(b) Dark clouds bring rain. 

4. A verb is a word used to state something about some 

person or thing; as, 
(a) Bees gather honey. 
(0) Fortune favors the brave. 

(c) The birds sing. 

5. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a 

verb, an adjective or another adverb; as, 
(a) The sun shines brightly. 
(0) The children are very happy, 
(c) Birds fly very swiftly. 

6. A preposition is a connecting word used to show the 

relation of a noun or pronoun following it, to some 

other word; as, 
(a) He stood by the window. 
(0) You may go with me. 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



7. A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, or 

sentences; as, 
(a) The horse and wagon were sold. 
f o) Do you prepare your lesson in school or at home? 
c) He is honest but he is poor. 

8. An interjection is an exclamatory word; as, 

(a) Hush! Goodness! 

(b) Hark! I hear the music. 

EXERCISE I. 

9. Name the parts of speech : 

1. The dog caught the fox on father's farm. 

2. Her sister sent us the apples. 

3. Some pupil has lost his hat. 

4. Coffee and sugar are brought from the West Indies. 

5. Neither the captain nor his soldiers showed them- 

selves arthe front. 

6. He told John and me the story. 

7. Cold and heat have their extremes. 

8. They will follow the trail over the mountain. 

9. The peaches at the market were sold in baskets. 

10. The dew-drops sparkled in the sun-light. 

11. We will send the flowers to day. 

12. How did you come? 

13. The workmen brought their tools with them. 

14. This remarkable tree grows in China. 

15. From these gashes the opium exudes in tears, and 

is collected at early dawn by scraping with a 
piece of glass or knife. 

16. Hurra! We have gained the victory. 

NOUNS. 

10. A noun is a word used as a name. 

11. A proper noun is the name applied to an individual 

of a class to distinguish it from the other individ- 
uals of that class ; as, 



ENGLISH ORAMMER. 



(a) Charles Dickens of England wrote a story en- 
titled David Copperfield. 

(b) Mr. Harris will ship his cattle to Chicago the 
second Monday in March. 

12. Common nouns include all nouns not in the class of 

proper nouns. 

13. Some common nouns are called collective nouns. A 

collective noun is the name of a group or. collection 
of objects; as, 

(a) The army was defeated. 

(b) The judge dismissed the jury this morning. 

11. Every proper noun commences with a capital letter. 

15. Every common noun commences with a small letter 

unless it is the first word of a sentence. 

16. A common noun when used as a distinguishing noun 

becomes a proper noun and commences with a 
capital letter. 

17. The pronoun / and the interjection are capital 

letters. 

EXERCISE II. 

18. In the following exercises, name the class to which each 

noun belongs, and correct all errors in the use of 
capital letters: 

1. A river flows by the city of Zanesville. 

2. Paris is a beautiful city in France. 

3. Cleveland is situated in the northern part of Ohio. 

4. General Grant became President of the United 

States. I 

5. In the village of Southampton, when it was two 

hundred and forty years old, there were living 
just two Irishmen and one German. 

6. There is a grave-yard just where the road comes in 

from the North Sea. 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



7. King Charles II. had granted to his brother James, 

Duke of York and Albany, a patent for a A^ast 
extent of territory, of which Long Island formed 
a part. 

8. After the conquest of: New Amsterdam, the Duke 

proceeded to organize his colony, and by this de- 
cree the island was joined to New York. 

9. This statement applies with equal force to East- 

hampton, and as the two towns cover the whole 
territory from Canoe Place to Montauk Light, 
here we have our New England Colony. 

10. Now appears at the right The town Pond, or, as it 

is sometimes called, Lake Agawam. 

11. It was April, 1840, forty-five years ago. 

12. It was six years before the war with Mexico. 

13. Where San Francisco now stands, was the little 

settlement of Yerba Buena. 

14. Denver was formed nineteen years later. 

15. He versified the Psalms, and taught Latin to the 

boys. 

16. He went at first on Sundays to the Episcopal 

Church at Sag; Harbor. 

17. When he entered the little inn in May, the name 

he gave was John Wallace. 

18. On Friday, the 30th of December, there came to 

the door a census marshal. 

19. This is from my friend, Mrs. Dike, who lives in 

Edinburgh. 

20. I sent this name to Robert Mackenzie, Esq., of 

Dundee, Scotland, author of A History of the 
Nineteenth Century. 

21. It made his flesh creep like one of wilkie collin's 

stories. 

22. Then i went to Colorado, and at the foot of pike's 

peak in June, I found out all about the poor exile. 

23. the high sheriff of a great county of Scotland is an 

important judicial officer. 

24. this property is near great pond, and about four 

Miles West is fort pond bay. 

25. to this bay is to come our old Friend the long is- 

land railroad. 



ENGLISH GRAMMER. 



2C. From it are to sail the swift Steamers to milford 
haven. 

27. soon they passed Stratton's, beloved of sportsmen. 

28. Shade of fenimore cooper! Can these things he so? 

29. Wednesday, Jnly 22nd., block island loomed up to 

the eastward. 

30. One of our Pilgrims has read starr king's graphic 

description of a night on the summit of mo ant 
Washington. 
31.' from damascus i went to bagdad. 

32. i omitted to say that lieutenant james bruce made 

one of .our party. 

33. i was hardly able to sit on my horse, malek, for 

which my Husband had exchanged my lovely 
arab of the Desert of Syria, which had carried 
me to the Capitol of persia. 

34. Both harry and i were detained. 

35. "i fight for god and freedom," was the cry. 

36. Sunday is the golden clasp that binds the volume 

of the week. 

37. the congress made a declaration of: Independence 

on the fourth day of July. 

38. Benjamin west was a native of pennsylvania. 

39. the king of france was brought prisoner to london. 

40. andrew laughed when jenny kissed the cat. 

NUMBER FORMS OF NOUNS. 

19. ISouns express difference of number. 

20. Where only one person or thing is meant, the singular 

form of the noun is used. 

21. When more than one are meant, the plural form is 

used. 

22. The plural number is formed from the singular. In 

most nouns this is done by annexing the letter s; as, 
boy, boys; lake, lakes. 

23. To the singular form of some nouns es is added. This 

occurs in words ending in s, z, x, sh, oh, j. 



10 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

24. In some nouns ending iny or fe, ./"is changed to v and 

es is added to form the plural; as, 
loaf, loaves; wife, wives. 

25. Some nouns in f and fe add s\ as, 

brief, briefs; chief, chiefs. 
Others of this class are fife, grief, gulf, hoof, proof, 
reef, roof, safe, scarf, strife, waif, dwarf. 

26. Nouns ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change y 

to i and add es\ as, 
lady, ladies; story, stories. 

27. Most nouns ending in o, preceded by a consonant, add 

es; as, 
potato, potatoes; cargo, cargoes; echo, echoes. 

28. Nouns ending in o, preceded by a voioel, add s; as, 

cameo, cameos; folio, folios; studio, studios. 

29. Some nouns ending in i add es; as, 

alkali, alkalies. 

30. Learn the number forms of the following nouns: 

Child, children; ox, oxen; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; 
woman, women; mouse, mice; foot, feet; man, men; 
louse, lice. 

31. In compound words the part explained or modified is 

made plural; as, 
hand-car, hand-cars; mouse-trap, mouse-traps. 

32. If neither part of a compound word is modified, s is 

added; as, 
pailful, pailfuls; what-not, what-nots. 

33. Some compound words vary the last word; as 

gentleman, gentlemen; fisherman, fiishermen. 



ENGLISH GBAMMEE. 



11 



34. Other compound words vary both parts ; as, 

woman-singer, women-singers. 

35. If the compound word consists of a proper name, pre- 

ceded by a title, the plural is formed by varying 
the title; as, 
Miss Muray,Misses Muray ; Generals Smith and Perry. 

36. If the title is preceded by a numeral, the name is made 

plural ; as, 
The two Miss Murays ; the two Dr. Smiths. 

37. If Mrs. is the title, the name is made plural; as, 

The Mrs. Parkers. 

38. If a title is used with two or more different names, it 

is plural; as, 
Messrs. Johnson and Thompson. 

39. Collective nouns are plural when the individuals com- 

posing the group are meant. They are singular 
w r hen the whole group is considered as a unit. 

40. Collective nouns usually have regular plural forms ; as, 

jury, juries; society, societies. 

41. Letters, signs, marks and figures arB made plural by 

adding the apostrophe (') and s\ as, 

j's, +'s, 9's. 

42. Some words have the same form in both numbers. 

Study the following list: 
billows, corpse, grouse, hose, means, which, pains, 
vermin, wages, odds, series, sheep, swine, who. 

43. When the following words are used with numerals, 

they have the same form in both numbers : 
yoke, score, pair, hundred, dozen, thousand, couple. 

44. Some words are used only in the plural; as, 



12 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



ashes, assets, clothes, measles, nippers, shears, scissors, 
thanks, tongs, tidings, trowsers, vitals, victuals, etc. 

45. Some nouns are rarely plural; as, 

bread, coffee, copper, flour, milk, water, etc. 

If kinds of materials are meant, they are plural; as, 

tea, teas. 

46. Scientific terms ending in ics are singular; as, 

physics, politics, etc. 

EXERCISE III,. 

47. Use the plural of these words in statements: 

Belief, dwarf, fife, child, foot, goose, ox, mouse, leaf, 
wolf, thief, fancy, vanity, city, alley, glory, bell, 
bridge, wind, cricket. 

48. Write plural subjects to the following verbs: 

Shine, decay, fall, fled, must be built, dress, were told, 
were paid, defeated, took, lay, joined. 

49. Write the singular and plural of ten nouns. 

EXERCISE IV. 

50. Use the plural of these uiords in sentences: 

Hope, age, bush, tax, potato, shoe, colony, piano, 
kangaroo, pulley, loaf, Mr., bean, handkerchief, 
cherub, theory, muff, son-in-law, man-of-war, spoon- 
ful, maid-servant, D. X., -|, deer. 

51. Correct all errors in the following words: 

Toys, mosquitos, calicos, heros, babys, chimnies, 
beefs, oxes, 2s, ms, swines, sheeps, oxens, oates, 
cargos, negros, knifes, turkies. 

52. Write the singular and plural of ten words. 



ENGLISH GRAMMES. 13 



EXERCISE V. 

53 Write the plural of these words: 

portico, motto, tornado, volcano, canto, two, zero, 
echo, mulatto, hedge, race, monkey, alley, attorney, 
folio, shelf, staff, beef, safe, louse, tooth, Miss, 
man-trap, pailful, tooth-brush, goose-quill, court- 
yard, fisherman, Frenchman, German, Englishman, 
man-singer, s, woman-servant, i, t, x, 9. 

54. Review. The pupils will spell orally the singular and 

the plural of words pronounced by the teacher. 

SENTENCES. 

55. A sentence is a collection of words making a complete 

statement. 

56. A sentence has two parts: the subject and the predi- 

cate. 

57. The subject is that of which something is stated. 

58. The predicate is that which is stated. 

59. Every sentence should begin with a capital letter. 

60. There are four classes of sentences; the declarative, 

interrogative, imperatiue, and exclamatory. 

61. The declarative sentence affirms or denies. It ends 

with a period; as, 

(a) Mr. Story w T ent to Columbus yesterday. 

(b) The senator did not return to Washington. 

62. The interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends 

with an interrogation point; as, 
Did the army cross the river? 

63. The imperative sentence expresses a command. It 

ends with a period; as, 
John, go home. 



14 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

64. The exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling or 

emotion. It ends with an exclamation point; as, 
How brightly the sun shines! 

EXERCISE VI. 

65. Give the class to which each of the following sentences 

belongs, and name its subject and predicate: 

1. The meeting was a failure. 

2. Be punctual in keeping your engagements. 

3. Feudalism is the embodiment of pride. 

4. Nature delights in variety. 

5. Is sight the most important sense? 

6. How beautiful the world is! 

7. Who made this beautiful world? 

8. God made the world. 

9. Did you ever see a quail? 
10. Do not disturb them. 

66. Write five sentences under each class of sentences. 

EXERCISE VII. 

67. Correct all errors: 

1. Did you find it. 

2. What a noise the swallows made? 

3. They build their nests mostly of mud. 

4. The peacock is called a proud bird 

5. Why need he be so proud! 

6. That is Minnie's pet! 

7. Who thinks that is the reason 

8. What a selfish boy John is 

9. The sunbeam met the dew-drop there 

10. How pleasant he made it for his visitors 

11. Be kind to the poor 

12. Hear the cricket's voice 

13. How it chirps? 

14. What shrill notes it sends up from the kitchen 

15. Seek to wear this in thy crown 

68. Write six sentences, classify them, and tell the sub- 

ject and predicate of each. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 15 



VERBS. 

69. The predicate of a sentence is a verb, or it contains a 

verb. 

70. A verb is a word that states something. It expresses 

action or being. 

71. Some verbs require an object to complete their mean- 

ing — that is a noun or something used as a noun, 
which is the receiver of the action expressed by the 
verb; as, 

(a) John broke his slate. 

(6) He tore the paper. 

Such verbs are called transitive verbs. 

72. The word used to complete the meaning of a transitive 

verb is called its object complement. 

73. Some verbs express complete action in themselves; as, 

(a) The boy runs. 

(b) James plays. 

Such verbs are called intransitive verbs. 

74. There is another class of verbs whose meaning is com- 

pleted by the addition of something relating to the 
subject of the sentence, describing or qualifying 
it; as, 

(a) John is a boy. 

(b) They became friends. 

(c) The boy seemed sick. 

These verbs are called copulative verbs. 

75. The word used to complete the meaning of the copula- 

tive verb is called its attribute coinplement. 

76. There are three general classes of verbs; transitive, 

intransitive, and copulative. 

77. Write five sentences under each class of verbs. 



16 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE VIII. 

78. Name the subjects, predicates, and object complements, 
and classify the verbs in these sentences: 

1. George cried. 

2. The echo repeated his words. 

3. The blue-bird comes in the spring. 

4. They bnild their nests in holes in trees. 

5. These barn-swallows are masons. 

6. Can yon describe the man? 

7. These are books. 

8. He is my father. 

9. John' brought the horse into the barn. 

10. She is only a child. 

11. The daisy grew by the fence. 

12. The first land discovered by Columbus was an 

island. . 

13. The old cat caught the mouse. 

14. No nation is free from danger. 

15. Temperance promotes health. 



79.. Write five sentences under each class of sentences. 

CASE. 

80. The relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to 

other words in a sentence is called its case. 

81. The subject of the sentence, or verb, is in the nomina- 

tive case — the subject nominative. 

82. The noun or pronoun used as attribute complement is 

in the nominative case — the predicate nominative. 

83. The object complement of the transitive verb is in the 

objective case. 

84. Nouns and pronouns that depend on propositions are 

in the objective case. 



17 

ENGLISH GRAMMER. ± ' 



85. The noun or pronoun used to denote the possessor or 

owner, is in the possessive case; as, 
This is John's hat. 

86. There are three cases: nominative, possessive, and 

objective. 

EXERCISE IX. 

87. Classify the verbs, and give the syntax* of the nouns in 

the following sentences: 

1. The skeptic smiled. 

2. The men put the hay into father's barn. 

3. They gathered the apples, carried them to the mill, 

and crushed them. 

4. That man is the speaker. 

5. Some bees are real robbers. 

6. John's father bought Mr. Morrison's horse. 

7. That little boy broke Willie's wagon. 

8. That question puzzles the best scholars. 

9. My uncle's cow died. 

10. These three dishes contain three kinds of paint. 

11. With the brush, she took some paint from a dish, 

and painted a blue square in the paper. 

12. The children knew the name of this color. 

13. Work the last example. 

14. Homer was a poet. 

15. The rain falls gently. 

16. He remained their friend. 

CASE-FORMS. 

88. Nouns have two case-forms: the possessive form, and 

the form (the simple form of the noun) common to 
the nominative and objective cases. 

89. Nouns having the possessive form are in the possessive 

case. 



*Syntax treats of the relation of words in sentences. In the "Exercises" that 
follow this, to give the syntax of a noun will be to give its number and case, and 
also the reason for its case; of a pronoun, its person, number, caee, and reason for 
its case; of an adjective, to tell its use, whether as qualifying adjective or predi- 
cate adjective (attribute complement), and to tell to what it belongs. 



18 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

90. A noun added to another noun to explain or describe it, 

is said to be in apposition to that noun ; as, 
These are the works of Longfellow, the poet. 

91. The case or form of the noun in apposition is the same 

as that of the noun which it describes or explains. 

92. The appositive noun and its modifiers are separated from 

the rest of the sentence by commas; as, 
Scott, the great novelist, believed in Christianity. 

93. If the appositive is considered as a proper name, or a 

single phrase, it is not usually separated from the 
rest of the sentence; as, 

(a) The poet Milton was blind. 

(b) He himself did the work." 

Commas are used when more than one word are in ap- 
position to the same word; as, 
I, Paul, myself beseech you. 

94. In addressing a person or thing by name, we use the 

nominative or subjective form of the noun. 
This form, when thus used, is known as the nominative 
of address, or nominative absolute case. 

95. The words used to denote the person or thing addressed, 

are separated from the rest of the sentence by com- 
mas; as, 

(a) Plato, thou reasonest well. 

(b) Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth. 

96. There are three other cases in which nouns are used 

in the nominative absolute construction. 
1. By pleonasm — the abrupt introduction of a word 

for emphasis. The word thus used is separated 

from the rest of the sentence by commas; as, 

The boy, oh ! where was he ? 
This use of the nominative absolute case should be 

avoided in prose. 



ENGLISH G RAMMER. 



19 



2. By exclamations as, 

O sun! to tell thee how I hate thy beams. 

An exclamation point is. usually placed after explana- 
tory words and interjections; as, 

(a) Oh, my son! 

(b) Alas! those happy days are gone. 

If the interjection forms a part of the sentence, the ex- 
clamation point is placed at the end of the sen- 
tence; as, 
Alas for his poor family! 

3. With & participle', as, 

The lesson having been recited, the class was dis- 
missed. 

EXERCISE X. 

97. In the following sentence give reason for the case in 
which each noun is found, and justify the pu net u- 
ation used. 

1. Webster, the statesman, was a great man. 

2. The emperor Xero was a tyrant. 

3. That man is my uncle, the merchant's book-keeper. 

4. Addison, a writer of prose, was greatly esteemed. 

5. Mary, you may go to school. 

6. Our fathers, where are thev I 

7. Woodman, spare that tree. 

8. The ship Albion was lost in a storm. 

9. Ruin seize thee, ruthless king. 

10. David slew Goliah, the great giant. 

11. Gad, a troop shall overcome him ! 

12. Are you well, John \ 

13. Gold is a precious metal. 

14. You cannot appreciate my motives. 

15. The son will inherit all the father's riches. 



98. Write five sentences containing ajipositive nouns and 
five containing nouns in the nominative absolute 
case. 



20 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE XI. 

99. Correct all errors in punctuation, and give reasons for 
the corrections and for the case of the noun: 

1. T'is I Hamlet the Dane. 

2. Poor man he never returned 

3. Those happy dreams whither have they fled! 

4. Shakespeare lived in Queen Elizabeth's reign. 

5. Paul the apostle was a native of Tarsus a city of 

Cilicia 

6. Now the bright morning star days harbinger comes 

dancing from the east 

7. "King Agrippa believest thou the prophets" 

8. My son have you sold the horse 

9. A horse a horse my kingdom for a horse 

10. Awake my St. John leave all meaner things 

11. Hear O heavens and oive ear O earth 

o 

12. The daughter of a hundred earls 
You are not one to be despised 

13. Bless the Lord O my soul! 

14. Fellow-citizens I declare the truth to you! 

15. I thank you for that suggestion Mr. Secretary! 



100. Follow the directions given in 98. 

EXERCISE XII. 

101. Follow directions given in 99. 

1. Washington the successful general was also a true 

patriot. 

2. My son bring to me the last number of the Cen- 

turv. 

3. What weep you when you but behold our Caesar's 

vesture wounded 

4. Alas I then have chid away my friend. 

5. The poet Shakespeare is considered the greatest of 

writers. 

6. Newton the great mathematician was a devout be- 

liever in Christianity. 

7. Show pity Lord O Lord forgive 

8. Remember boys you must work if you would meet 

with success 



ENGLISH GRAMMER. 21 



9. Socrates the wisest of the Ancients wrote nothing. 

10. With thee sweet hope resides the heavenly light. 

11. Who can control him! 

12. Ah father these are wonderful truths 

13. What do you think of John's success 

14. O wretched man that I am 

15. My boy you have acted with great care 
16.- Mr. Smith's house it was burned 

17. How heavily her fate must weight her down 

18. How soon man's earthly enjoyments pass away- 

19. The coat was made by Johnson the eastern tailor- 

20. Mr. Speaker I rise to move the second reading of 

this bill. 



THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS. 

102. The possessive form, or possessive case, of the singu- 

lar of nouns is made by adding the apostrophe (') 
and the letter s to the simple, or subjective form 
of the nouns; as, 
John's horse; James's book. 

103. A few singular nouns ending in s or ce, form their 

possessive plurals by the use of the apostrophe 
alone; as, 
For conscience' sake; goodness'. 

104. The possessive form of the plural of nouns not end- 

ing in s, is made by adding 's; as, 
Men's shoes for sale; children's hats. 

105. When the plural form of the noun ends in s, the 

possessive is formed by writing the apostrophe 
after the word; as, 
Ladies' cloaks; soldiers' uniforms. 

106. In compound words, the sign of the possessive (V) is 

added to the end of the whole word: as, 



A man-of-war's rigging. 



22 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

107. The possessive form of a group of words considered as 
a compound name, is made by adding the sign (Y) 
to the last word of the group; as, 
This is General John Porter's sword. 



108. Joint possession is denoted by adding the sign to the 
last word; as, 
Johnson & Abbott's store. 



109. Separate possession is denoted by adding the sign to 

each name; as, 
We use Chandler's and Harvey's Grammars. 

110. When different possessors are thought of as separate 

or opposed, possession is denoted by using the 
sign, with the name of each possessor; as, 
He was the King's, as well as the people's, choice. 

111. In the use of appositive nouns, possession is usually 

denoted by adding the sign to the word nearest 
the name of the thing possessed; as, 
"For David my servant's sake." 

112. It is allowable to say at Kennedy's the book-seller. 

113. The preposition of is often equivalent to the sign of 

possession, and should be used when the use of the 
sign ('«) brings together too many sounds of s\ as, 
Moses's writing; the writings of Moses. 

114. The phrases belonging to and property of, may take 

the place of the sign of possession ; as, 
(a) This is my father's farm. 

(bj This farm belongs to, or is the property of my 
father. 

EXERCISE XIII. 

115. In the following sentences, give the case of each noun, 

state how the possessive forms are made, and just- 
ify the punctuation. 



ENGLTSII GRAMMAR. 



23 



1. The man's anger soon subsided. 

2. The President's message was received by the 

Senate. 

3. Mr. Perry, the retail merchant, sells boys' shoes. 

4. Ask no questions for goodness' sake. 

5. It was the King of Israel's army. 

6. Bring into the room Webster's and Worehester's 

Dictionaries. 

7. They came in William's and Henry's boats. 

8. It was bought at Jones Bros, and Co.'s store. 

9. They saw my father-in-law's horse in the field. 

10. A father's or a mother's brother is an uncle. 

11. The Bank of England was established in William 

and Mary's reign. 

12. The mice's nests were found in the hay-barn. 

13. We were comparing Caesar's and Napolean's vic- 

tories. 

14. They are Mary's, as well as Jane's, books. 

15. He is now at my father-in-law's house. 

EXERCISE XIV. 

116. Write sentences containing the possessive singular 

of the following words: 
Actor, elephant, farmer, horse, hero, attorney, lady, 
monkey, calf, thief, child, goose, bean, deer, 
swine. 

117. Rewrite your sentences, using the possessive plural 

of the same words, and state how you form the 
possessive in each. 

EXERCISE XV. 

118. Use in sentences, the possessive forms, singular and 

plural, of these words: 
Wife, cities, men, valley, tooth, fox, potato, prince, 
gentleman, minstrels, kings, women, sisters, chief, 
nncle, gypsy, son-in-law, aunts, brethren, parents, 
husband, teachers, family, bachelor, tailors, saddler, 
nurse, merchants, empress. 



24 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

EXERCISE XVI. 

119. Correct all errors: 

1. He admires the ladie's beauty. 

2. He took Johns sisters hat. 

3. The mices nests were destroyed by the mens dogs. 

4. She made the woman's dress. 

5. He read a letter of Miltons the poets. 

6. Six months interest is now due. 

7. He went to Jones the baker for bread. 

8. My sister attends a young ladies' school. 

9. The childrens' stories were interesting. 

10. He received nothing for the two days' labor. 

11. Boys don't fire they will surrender without a mo- 

ments' hesitation 

12. The young captain was assigned to Major Harry 

Gilmore's command. 

13. The First New Jersey's attack was stoutly resisted. 

14. They were taken by Sheridan s chief -of-scouts squad. 

15. George bring the judges carriage. 

16. Oh my poor Freddie what shall I do for him! 

17. They called at Farmer C.s residence. 

18. In the first days battle at gettysburg, gilmor sup- 

ported the two batteries. 

19. During earlys march to Washington, his command 

formed a part of Johnsons force. 

20. During the following August, on sheridans first 

retreat from strasburg, he took part in the at- 
tack on the union rear guard at Winchester. 

21. While a passage was being constructed under the 

choir of St Georges chapel, Windsor, an aper- 
ture was accidentally made in one of the walls of 
henry viiis vault. 

22. The soldiers came by the Commander-in-Chiefs, 
residence. 

23. The little dog was the boys' playmate. 

24. The school laughed at Georges's comical speech. 

25. Then taking his companion, conrade, he returned 

to Newark. 

26. After the fight at kelleys ford, he received his 

commission as major. 

27. The sun's rays touched the ladys' face. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 25 



28. A lark made her nest in a field of corn. 

29. The sparrows pecked the ripe fruit in Uncle 

Davids' garden. 

30. A little girl sat by -the door of the cottage. 

120. Write six sentences containing prepositions. 

GENDER. 

121. Gender is a property of nouns and pronouns to mark a 

distinction as to sex in objects. 

122. If a word represents an object of the male sex, it is of 

the masculine gender ; if, of the female sex, femi- 
nvrie gender; if the object maybe either male or fe- 
male it is common gender ; and if the word represents 
an object without sex,itis said to be neuter gender. 

EXERCISE XVII. 

123. Tell the gender of the nouns: 

1. My father bought a farm. 

2. The children have lost their mother. 

3. The teacher assigned the lesson to her pupils. 

4. The soldiers burnt the bridge over the river. 

5. The police dispersed the mob. 

6. Mary plays, and William sings. 

7. The army kept ahead of the skirmishers. 

8. Milton was a poet. 

9. He was the third president. 

10. His parents sent him to school. 

11. At the dawn of day Mrs. Wilkin s, in company with 

her son, ascended the hill with a merry heart. 

12. The Lord is a tower of strength to his people. 

13. His mother's death was a heavy blow. 

14. Night, even in the Zenith of her dark domain, is 

but as sunshine, compared to the color of my fate. 

15. The guns on one broadside paid their regards to 

Forte Walker. 



26 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

124. Personal Pronouns mark distinction of person. 

125. There are three persons: the person speaking, or the 

(a) first person; the person spoken to, or the (b) 
second person ; and the person spoken of, or the (<?) 
third person; as, 
I (co) asked you (b) to take the book to him. (c) 

126. The personal pronouns have different forms for the 

different persons, numbers, and cases, and also for 
gender in the third person. 



First Person Form. > 


Second Person For, 


Sin%. Phi. 


Sing. 


Plu. 


Nom. I we you, or 


thou, 


you, or ye 


Poss. my our your, or 


' % 


your 


Obj. me us you, or 


tiiee 


you 


Third Person Forms. 




SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


Mas. Pern . 


Neut. 


All Genders. 


Nom. he she 


it 


they 


Poss. his her 


its 


their 


Obj. him her 


it 


them 



127. All pronouns have the properties and uses of nouns. 

128. Their is a class of words called compound personal 

pronouns. It is formed by adding self (sing.) and 
selves (plural) to the pronouns my, our, thy, your, 
him, her, it, and them. The words thus formed 
are usually used either alone or with the simple 
pronouns to mark emphasis ; as, 

I myself did it. 
They may be used as reflex objects of verbs; as, 

She drowned herself. 

129. The word for which the prououn stands is called the 

antecedent of the pronoun. It is not always, ex. 
pressed. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



27 



EXERCISE XVIII. 

130. Give the number and case of the nouns and pronouns, 
and name the antecedent of each pronoun : 

1. Do you see how the man braces himself against the 

wind? 

2. Her children were playing on the sea-shore. 

3. The boys gathered pebbles and wrote their names 

in the white sand. 

4. Do you like the robin? It comes to see us early in 

the spring. 

5. I that speak to thee am he. 

6. Mary told the story to her mother. 

7. John did the work himself. 

8. I told the captain to dismount his men and to 

form them in front of their horses. 

9. I then made the men take off their arms and lay 

them in a pile. 

10. My pride fell with my fortune. 

11. We left our luggage behind us. 

12. Boys, have you prepared your lessons? 

13. Honor thy father and thy mother. 

14. My friend, you have been very kind to me. 

15. Children, you should do all that your teacher asks 

you to do. 

16. John, thou hast told the truth. 

17. Their house is so full that they cannot give rooms 

to us. 

18. This flower has lost its fragrance. 

19. The men will be paid when they have finished their 

work. 

20. Every pupil mast provide himself with books. 

21. The man himself was not hurt, but his children 

were painfully injured. 

22. Those people are building for themselves a house. 

23. The speaker himself could not answer the question. 

24. The boy is warming himself by our stove. 

25. The boys asked the teacher if he would excuse them 

after they had prepared their work. 

26. The teacher will hear the girls read their composi- 

tions after they have written them. 

\ 



28 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

27. Every man must take care of himself. 

28. The soldiers must obey their officers. 

29. Each girl will bring her book to me. 

30. The dog is a faithful friend when his master is kind 

to him. 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

131. The words mine, thine, his, hers, yours, and theirs are 

called possessive pronouns. They have the con- 
struction of nouns; as, 
That horse is mine. 

Rem. — The word "mine" is a possessive pronoun used 
as attribute complement. 

EXERCISE XIX. 

132. Give the Syntax of the nouns and pronouns: 

1. I saw him and he saw me. 

2. He ate his apple, and you ate yours. 

3. This man is a friend of his. 

4. This glorious land is ours. 

5. Thine is the kingdom. 

6. My horse is here, but yours has gone. 

7. I see your book, but she cannot find hers. 

8. It was a declaration of independence. 

9. If I win power I will use it. 

10. John lives on his farm, but I sold mine. 

11. I do not think that this hat is yours. 

12. The tree is known by its fruits. 

13. John himself has gone to the shore. 

14. The children enjoyed themselves at their picnic. 

15. Ours is a sad story. 

133. Write sentences containing the possessive pronouns, 

and tell the case in which you use them. 

EXERCISE XX. 

134. Write sentences, using the plural form of this word 

as subjects: 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



29 



Book, I, branch, table, he, steeple, wave, thief, fly, 
strawberry, wages, suds, sheep, I. 

135. Write sentences, using these words as attribute com- 

plements : 
poet, she, agent, queen, mayor, rivals, monarch, boat, 
he, they, president, I. 

EXERCISE XXI. 

136. Write subjects and attribute complements to these 

verbs: 
was, have been, continue, seems, because, am, was 
made, are called, will be', had been, is, was elected, 
were, was appointed. 

137. Write sentences using the proper form of these words 

as object complements of transitive verbs: 
desk, mistakes, stories, I, drum, apples, she, street, 
lie, their, birds, bees, you, his, example, himself. 

EXERCISE XXII. 

138. Write sentences using the proper form of these words 

as subjects or attribute complements: 
me, thou, it, him, deer, man's, ladies', them, our 
David's, us, we, its, hers, thine, ours, thee, people's. 

139. Write sentences, using the proper form of the words 

in 137 and 138 as the objects of prepositions. 



THE APOSTROPHE. 

140. The apostrophe f) is a comma placed above the line. 

141. The following are its uses: 

1. To denote the omission of a letter or letters; as, 

(a) O'er for over. 

(b) I've done the work, for I have done the work. 



30 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

2. In forming the plurals of letters, figures, marks, 
<&c. (page 11.) 

3. In forming the possessive case of nouns, (page 21) 

142. The apostrophe is not used in the possessive forms of 

the pronouns. 

EXERCISE XXIII. 

143. Rewrite the following sentences, omitting the apostro- 

phe and supplying the omitted letters: 

1. I've made a time o' it. 

2. "I hope you're in a little better temper than you 

were this morning. 

3. There, you needn't begin to whistle. 

4. People don't come to bed to whistle. 

5. But it's like you." 

6. "1 can't speak, that you don't try to insult me." 

7. "No, 1 won't let you rest." 

8. "You were not in a passion, wer'n't you?" 

9. "It's a pity you hav'n't something more to com- 

plain of." 

10. "If you'd some wives, you would I know." 

11. "I'm never without a needle and thread in my 

hand." 

12. "A poor woman isn't allowed to get a word in. 

13. There's one comfort, it can't last long. 

14. I'm worn to death with your temper, and shan't 

trouble you a great while." 

15. "I've no doubt of it." 

16. "You'll think of me then." 

17. "But I know what I'll do for the future." 

18. "You're not snoring?" 

19. "That's what you always say." 

20. He earns what'er he can. 

144. Tell the case of nouns and pronouns in 143. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 31 



EXERCISE XXIV. 

145. Rewrite these sentences correcting all errors: 

1. This book is our's. 

2. Twas well managed. 

3. Yours' and ther's were lost. 

4. James cant come. 

5. Youre safe. 

6. Dont tease the cat. 

7. There isnt anything 111 not do. 

8. John shant hurt that boy. 

9. I think youve earned the money. 

10. Lets go to the picnic. 

11. Joe doesnt study arithmetic. 

12. Peters' horse ran away. 

13. He conldnt catch it. 

14. Hell lose it. 

146. Give the Syntax of the nouns and pronouns in 145. 

EXERCISE XXV. 

147. Correct all errors: 

1. Its of no use. 

2. The child lost it's toy. 

3. The farmer sold his' wheat at Mr. Jacksons mill. 

4. The young ladys' bright eyes grew dim. 

5. Thats' because w T eve discharged his brother. 

6. The citie's public buildings were burned. 

7. Its of no use. 

8. Weve injured it's leg. 

9. His uncles' farm is a mile from yours? 

10. These works are Cicero's, the most eloquent of 

men's. 

11. Ive no time to listen to either John or Joseph's 

lesson. 

12. How do you like Douglas' bill? 

13. A mothers tenderness and a fathers care are na- 

tures gifts for mans advantage. 

15. Johns brothers wifes sister died yesterday. 

148. Give the syntax of the nouns and prououns in 147, 



32 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE XXVI. 

149. Review Case and Case-forms. Rewrite these sen- 

tences, correcting all errors, and give reason for the 
corrections: 

1. Me and him can carry it. 

2. Robert and him were present. 

3. Her and James came to see John's sister. 
4 The two boys and us are going. 

5. The cars left my father and I standing on the 

platform. 

6. I and him go to the same school. 

7. The teacher taught her and I in the same class. 

8. Them and their father remained to see us. 

9. Him and his' mother went on that train. 

10. He was truant, and me too. 

11. Who will answer James' question? Me. 

12. Did he choose him and I? 

13. Us boys went fishing. 

14. She asked Charlie and I to dinner. 

15. Cant you trust your brother and 1? 

16. This is a secret between you and I. 

17. All went except he. 

18. I heard you and he talking. 

19. 1 do not think it is him. 

20. If 1 were her, Id teach. 

EXERCISE XXVII. 

150. Correct all errors, giving reason for the corrections, 

and give Syntax of nouns and pronouns: 

1. What sounds have the vowels? 

2. Her and him will be their. 

3. Certain vitnals was forbidden while the measles 

was prevalent. 

4. Everything valuable has its power. 

5. Did the senator offer any objections to that motion 

of ours? 

6. This hat is mine. 

7. The children lost themselves in the woods, 

8. The world has all it's eyes on Catos son. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 33 



9. The farm is Johns'. 

10. The army of the queen means to besiege us. 

11. Is that horse of yours lame? 

12. You sold your carriage; I broke mine. 

13. He had no team ; so he borrowed ourn. 

14. That horse of his'n kicked yours. 

EXERCISE XXVIII. 

151. Write in correct form, the following sentences: 

1. Men of wisdom they are too often led into error. 

2. John what are you doing. 

3. James he broke the window. 

4. It was John him who struck James. 

5. We met Mr. Goodman him who paid the bill. 

6. Give it to Mr. Smith the merchant he from whom 

we bought it. 

7. It was Jane her who was sick. 

8. He thought it was them. 

9. John you may be excused. 

10. Can you excuse we girls? 

11. It is him or her who lost John's book. 

12. Brother I have need of it. 

13. O Diamond thou knowest not what mischief thou 

hast done. 

152. Give case of nouns and pronouns in the sentences in 

151. 



ADJECTIVES. 

153. An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun; as, 

Sweet apples; tall trees. 
Numeral adjectives express number; as, 
One, two; first, second. 

154. Many adjectives have a change of form to express the 

degree of the qtcality possessed by the object which 
they qualify; as, 
A sweet apple; a sweeter apple; the sweetest apple. 



34 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

155. This variation of the form of the adjective is called 

comparison. 

156. The simple form of the adjective is the positive de- 

gree; as, 
A sweet apple. 

157. That form if * the adjective which shows that the ob- 

jects possesses the quality or property in a greater 
or less degree compared with one other object, is 
the comparative degree; as, 
A sweeter apple. 

153. That form which shows that the object possesses the 
quality or property in the highest or lowest degree, 
compared with all other objects considered, is the 
superlative degree; as. 
The sweetest apple. 

159. The comparative degree implies a comparison between 

two objects; the superlative, between more than 
two. 

160. Most adjectives of one syllable are compared by add- 

ing er or r to the positive degree to form the 
comparative degree, and est or st to the positive to 
form the superlative degree; as, 

sweet, sweeter, sweetest. 

dry, drier, driest. 

Many adjectives of two syllables are compared in the 
same way; as, 

guilty, guilter, guiltiest, 
able, abler, ablest, 

pretty, prettier, prettiest, 
happy, happier, happiest. 

161. The comparative and superlative degrees of most ad- 

jectives of two or more syllables that are compared, 
are formed by prefixing more and most^ or less 
and least; as, 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



35 



beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful, 
beautiful, less beautiful, least beautiful. 

EXERCISE XXIX. 

162. Write sentences containing the following adjectives 
in the positive, comparative, and superlative de- 
grees : 

eloquent, industrious, small, brave. 

noble, ari g rv > handsome, gentle. 

bright, diligent, careless, thoughtful. 

early, useful, curious, fertile. 







EXERCISE XXX. 




163. 


Learn the following comparisons: 




Post 


Com. 


Sup. 


Pos. Com. 


Sup. 


good, 


better, 


best. 


little, less, 


least. 


bad, ) 

in, \ 


worse, 


worst. 


much, ) 

' \ more, 
many, } 


most. 


fore, 


former, 


j foremost. 
\ first, 


near, nearer, 


( nearest, 
( next. 


hind, 


hinder, 


hindermost. 


far, farther 


, farthest. 


late, 


later, 


j latest, 
j latter. 


, , -f ( older, 
( elder, 


oldest, 
eldest. 



EXERCISE XXXI. 

164. Write sentences containing the words in 163. 

165. Some adjectives are not compared; as, 

ten, square, level, perpendicular, equal, dead, weekly, 
english, perfect, &c. 

166. Some adjectives whose meaning does not admit of 

comparison, are often compared for emphasis; as, 
most perfect, supremest, most universal, &c. 

167. As a rule, do not compare adjectives whose meaning 

does not admit of comparison ; as, 
This is the most principal street, (omit most.) 



36 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

168. In comparing two objects, use the comparative de- 
gree; as, 
He is the older of the two boys. 



169. Do not use double comparatives or double superla- 
tives; as, 
I have not seen a more handsomer young man. 



170. Place adjectives before the nouns which they are to 

modify; as, 
A pair of new boots; not a new pair of boots. 

171. This and that have the plural forms these and those\2&, 
this boy, these boys; that house, those houes. 

172. This and these relate to the nearer of two objects, and 

that and those to the objects farther off. 

173. Some adjectives take the place of the noun which 

they would modify, were the noun expressed. 
Such adjectives are called pronominal adjectives. 

They are such as 
this, that, these, those, former, latter, 
yonder, some, each, either, neither, all. 
many, much, none, few, little, first, 

several, any, one, two, another, &c. 

174. Them should not be used for these or those. 

175. An object should not be compared with itself; as, 

Cincinnati is larger than any city in Ohio, (any 
other city.) 

176. Where an adjective denoting one or more than one, is 

used with a noun, the noun should agree in number 

with the adjective; as, 
[a) He bought eight loads (not load) of wood. 
'b) I like this or that kind of apples (not these or 
those kind. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



37 



[c) The train ran at the rate of thirty miles (not 
mile) an hour. 

177. When two or more nouns describe one object, the ar- 

ticle is used before the first only ; as, 
I met James Mills, the druggist and physician. 

178. The article a is used before words beginning with a 

consonant sound. An is used before words begin- 
ning with a vowel sound. 

179. Before each of several nouns, that form of the article 

should be used which agrees with the noun; as, 
A horse, an ax, and a cow. 

180. The articles (a, an, or the) should be repeated before 

connected nouns that are to be distinguished from 
each other; as, 
Neither the boy nor the man can go to the store. 

181. The article is not repeated with adjectives used to de- 

scribe the same words; as, 
He is a tall and handsome man. 

182. When connected adjectives are used, the shortest and 

simplest should be placed first; as, 
The room was large and comfortable. 

183. Either and neither are used in relation to two objects 

only; as, 

Either of the two boys may go. 

184. When more than two objects are referred to, any and 

none, or any one and no one should be used; as, 

(a) Any (any one) of the three boys may go. 

(b) None (or no one) of the three boys can go. 

185. The adjective whole should not be used for all, nor all 

for whole', as, 



38 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

"Does not all proceed from the law, which regulates 
the whole departments of the State?" 

186. The word less should not be used for the word/ewer; as, 

No less than ten distinguished men engaged in the 

debate. 
Fewer suggests number, while less suggests quantity. 

187. Suitable adjectives should be used, r and [they should 

be so placed that their position will show what they 

are intended to modify; as, 
(a) It was a tremendous rain, (tremendous is not a 

suitable adjective.) 
(h) A fresh barrel of fish. (A barrel of fresh fish.) 

188. Place connected adjectives where they will sound the 

best; as, 
The animal showed two grey fiery little eyes. 
(The order is not the best.) 

189. The article is not repeated when the same noun is com- 

pared in two different capacities; as, 
He was a better speaker than writer. 

190. An adjective used with a verb to complete the predicate 

of a sentence relates to the subject and is called the 
attribute complement; as, 

(a) The apple is sweet. 

(b) The hall is wide. 

191. When such words as first and last are used with num- 

erals, they should be placed before the numerals ; as, 
The first three boys may go. 
The last five boys may remain. 

192. Adjectives may be used as nouns; as, 

(a) Love the beautiful, the true, and the good. 

(b) He was in the thickest of the fight. 

(c) Give to the poor. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 39 



193. Write sentences containing the pronominal adjectives 

in 173. 

EXERCISE XXXII. 

194. Rewrite the following sentences, correct all errors, give 

reasons for the corrections, and tell what the adjec- 
tives modify: 

1. I bought three ton of hay 

2. How do yon like these kind of desks? 

3. He dropped ten thousand fathom deep. 

4. James he is the older of my two brothers. 

5. This plan is more preferable. 

6. Our school-room is the most pleasantest room in 

the building. 

7. That ball is the best of the two. 

8. Them apples are the most sweetest apples I ever 

saw. 

9. Those sort of people will always be moving. 

10. This room is thirty foot square. 

11. It takes fifty pound of coffee to pay for ten barrel 

of apples. 

12. This opinion of the study of grammar is becoming 

more universal. 

13. Take them tongs and put this ere coal into the 

stove. 

14. This is the largest of the two gardens. 

15. These stones are mcfre squarer than them ones. 

16. This is the most perfect specimen I have found. 

17. Choose the least of the two evils. 

18. He is much more braver than John. 

19. The younger of them five boys is the taller. 

20. This is a reasonabler proposition than the other. 

EXERCISE XXXIII. 

295. Rewrite the following sentences as in 194: 

1. Which of these apples is the sweeter? 

2. London bas'a greater population than any city in 

England. 

3. There is no metal as valuable as gold. 

4. He was the smartest or all his classmates. 



40 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

5. A Brown and Malta cultivator were in use there. 

6. He traveled over the Northern and the Southern 

Hemisphere. 

7. He had a Harvey's and Brown's Grammar. 

8. Read the fourth and fifth sections. 

9. Profane swearing is the least excusable of all other 

vices. 

10. There is some difference between the deed and doer. 

11. Write a sentence containing a noun and adjective. 

12. A boiled dish of cabbage was set before the guest. 

13. He was driving a team of black spirited horses. 

14. The man only killed two squirrels. 

15. The court house is larger than any building in 

Zanesville. 

16. This is the most gorgeous peach 1 ever tasted. 

17. He paid a frightful price for his cow\ 

18. He threw a prodigious snow-ball through the 

window. 

19. He sent a dried box of apples to Mr. Gills. 

20. I have a contemptible opinion of him. 

EXERCISE XXXIV. 

196. Rewrite the following sentences as in 194: 

1. That ere hat is new. 

2. He is a great and a good man. 

3. Cromwell was styled a protector. 

4. That man would make a better lawyer than a 

minister. 

5. The two numbers are the singular and plural. 

6. She spoke of patrick henry the patriot and the 

orator. 

7. He stood near a open window. 

8. Most all pupils want a holiday. 

9. Correct the five first sentences. 

10. Them horses are our'n. 

11. He is an old respectable man. 

12. Her dress was of a brown light tint. 

13. Them, molasses is powerful good. 

14. Eve was more fairer than any woman. 

15. He was the tallest of all his boys. 

16. Milton is more sublime than any of the poets, 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



41 



, 17. This is the largest room of any in the building. 

18. She has bought a new pair of gloves. 

19. The bible is more precious than any book. 

20. Such principles .are so universal that every one 

knows them. 

EXERCISE XXXV. 

197. Review verbs, page 15, and classify the verbs, and give 

the case of the nouns and pronouns in these 
sentences. 

1. The sun melts the snow. 

2. The snow is very deep. 

3. Did you ask a question? 

4. We gathered wild flowers. 

5. The building fell. 

6. The locomotive went over the embankment. 

7. The newspaper is a power in the land. 

8. He became ths leader of the party. 

9. The men were lighting for their homes. 

198. Write, five sentences under each class of verbs. 

MODES OF VERB. 

199. Yerbs undergo changes of form to express certain 

changes of meaning or application. 

200. A change to show a difference in the manner of the 

assertion is called the mode of the verb. 

201. Yerbs which assert something as a fact are in the in- 

dicative mode ; as, 
I walk. John threw the ball. 

202. Yerbs which assert possibility, necessity, duty, 

ability or obligation are in the potential mode; as, 
He can walk. He must walk. 

He might walk. He could walk, 



42 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

203. May, can, must, might, could, would and should are 

words used to form the potential mode. 

204. Verbs used to express a command are in the impera- 

tive mode; as, 
John, come to me. 

205. Verbs used to make a doubtful or conditional asser- 

tion are in the subjunctiue mode; as, 
If he were here, he would pay the bill. 

206. Four modes are given: Indicative, Potential, Im- 

perative and Subjunctive. 

TENSE OF VERBS. 

207. A verb may show the time of an action or event. Such 

a modification is called the tense of the verb. 

208. A verb which represents something as occuring at the 

present time is in the present tense; as, 
I walk now. 

209. A verb which represents something as having oc- 

curred in the past is in the past tense; as, 
He sold his farm yesterday. 

210. A verb which represents that something will occur in 

the future is in the fiiture tense; as, 
He will go to Columbus to-morrow. 

211. A verb which represents that some action has been 

completed at the present time is in the present 
perfect tense; as, 
He has recited. 

212. A verb which represents something as having been 

completed in the past, at or before some other past 
occurrence, is in the past perfect tense; as, 
John had gone before his father returned. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 43 



213. A verb which represents that something will occur in 

the future before some other definite future time, 
is in the future "perfect tense; as, 
I shall have written the letter before noon. 

214. There are six tenses: 1st, Present, Past and Future; 

2nd, Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future 
Perfect. 

215. Verbs have the person and number of their subjects. 

EORMS OF VERBS. 

216. Transitive Verbs have two forms; 1st, the active form, 

which represents the subject of the verb as act- 
ing; as, 

John broke the window. 

2nd, the Passive form which represents the subject of 

the verb as receiving the act; as, 
The window was broken by John. 

PARTICIPLES. 

217. There are three classes of words derived from verbs 

that are usually classed with verbs. They are the 
participle, the infinitive, and the verbal noun. 
They are more properly classed as verbals — verbal 
adjectives and verbal nouns. 

218. Participles are known as the simple and the compound ; 

as, Walking (simple) ; having walked (compound). 

219. Participles are also classified as present and the pasL 

The present participle is formed by suffixing ing 
to the verb; as, 
Walk, walking; speak, speaking. 

220. The past participle is usually formed by supplying eel 

to the verb; as, 
Walk, walked ; honor, honored. 



44 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



221. Yerbs whose past participle is formed as stated in 220, 

are called regular verbs. 

222. Other verbs form their past participles irregularly. 

They are called irregular verbs; as, 
Write, written; tell, told. 



PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS. 

223. The principal parts of a verb are the present tense 
form of the indicative mode, the past tense form of 
the indicative mode, and the past participle:, as, 
Write, wrote, written; walk, walked, walked. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

224. The tenses of the indicative mode are formed as follows : 

Present — simple form of the verb. 
Past — add a or ed to simple form of the regular verb. 
Future — prefix shall or will to the simple form. 
Present Perfect— prefix have, hast, or has to past 

participle. 
Past Perfect — prefix had or hadst to the past participle. 
Future Perfect — prefix shall have, or will have to the 

past participle. 

225. To form the tenses of the potential mode, observe the 

following: 
Present — prefix may, can, or must to simple form. 
Past — prefix might, could, would or should to simple 

form. 
Present Perfect — prefix may, can, or must have to 

past participle. 
Past Perfect — prefix might, could, would, or should 

have to past participle. 

226. There are no future tenses in the potential mode. 

227. The imperative mode has but one tense, the present. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 45 



228. Such words as has, have, shall, may, &c, are called 

auxiliary verbs; they help in the conjugation of 
other verbs. 

EXERCISE XXXVI. 

229. Give the syntax of the nouns and pronotms in the 

following sentences, and give the principal parts, 
the class, mode, tense, person, and number of 
the verbs: 

1. The horse has broken the wagon. 

2. He has ruined it. 

3. The dog followed us. 

4. The men crossed the bridge. 

5. The plague visited the people. 

6. They wave the banner in the air. 

7. The evenings are cool. 

8. Solomon was a wise man. 

9. Diligent pupils learn. 

10. She loved her mother. 

11. The. farmer had planted his corn. 

12. He will come to school to-morrow. 

EXERCISE XXXVII. 

230. Treat these sentences as directed in 229. 

1. All men»reverenced George Washington. 

2. The lightening had struck that tree. 

3. We must govern our passions. 

4. The soldiers may have fought bravely. 

5. Summer rain falls softly. 

6. Always speak the truth. 

7. The old oaken bucket hangs in the well. 

8. They could have obtained the governor's approba- 

tion. 

9. He must have gone to the Duke's house. 

10. I have not forgotten those singular men. 

11. He will certainly resign. 

12. They gathered round him on the fresh, green bank. 

13. The sun rose up in heaven. 

14. The people bowed their heads upon their hands. 



46 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

15. The- troops could have gained the pass. 

16. Disappointments sink the heart of man. 

CONJUGATION. 

231. The conjugation of a verb is the regular arrangement 

of its different forms, modes, tenses, persons, and 
numbers. 

232. The following is the form of con j Ligation of all regular 

verbs : 

ACTIVE FORM. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
Present — love. Past — loved. Past Participle — loved. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 





PRESENT TENSE. 


PAST TENSE. 




Sing. Plu. 


Sing. Plu. 


1. 


I love. We love. 


I loved. We loved. 


2. 


Thou lovest. You love. 


Thou lovedst. You loved. 


3. 


He loves. They love. 


He loved. They loved. 




FUTURE 


TENSE. 




Sing. 


Plu. 




1. I shall or will love. 


We shall or will love. 




2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 


You shall or will love. 




3. He shall or will love. 


They shall or will love. 




PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 




Singr. 


Plu. 




1. I have loved. 


We have loved. 




2. Thou hast loved. 


You have loved. 




3. He has loved. 


They have loved. 




PAST PERFECT TENSE. 




Sing. 


Plu. 




1. I had loved. 


We had loved. 




2. Thou hadst loved. 


You had loved. 




3. He had loved. 


They had loved. 



FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Phi. 

1. I shall or will have loved. We shall or will have loved. 

2. Thou shalt or wilt have loved. You shall or will have loved. 

3. He shall or will have loved. They shall or will have loved. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 47 



POTENTIAL MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Sin?. Phi. 

1. I may love. We may love. 

2. Thou mayst love. You may love. 

3. He may love. They may love. 





PAST TENSE. 


1. 

2. 
3. 


Sing. 

I might love. 
Thou mightst love. 
He might love. 


Plu. 

We might love. 
Yon might love. 
They might love. 



PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I may have loved. We may have loved. 

2. Thou mayst have loved. You may have loved. 

3. He may have loved. They may have loved. 

PAST PERFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I might have loved. We might have loved. 

2. Thou mights have loved. You might have loved. 

3. He might have loved. They might have loved. 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 
PEE SENT TENSE. 

Love (you, thou, ye.) 

PASSIVE FORM, 

233. The folio wing is the conjugation of the verb to be, 
and with it the conjugation of the verb love in the 
passive form. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PBESENT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I am ) We are ) 

2. Thou art > loved. You are. I loved. 

3. He is ) They are. ) 



48 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



PAST TENSE. 

Sing. Plu. 

1. I was ) We were 

2. Thou wast I loved. You were V loved. 
'3. He was. ) They were j 

FUTUBE TENSE. 

Sing. Plu. 



We shall or will be "] 
You shall or will I 



1. I shall or will be 

2. Thou shalt or 

wilt be y loved. be y loved. 

3. He shall or will j They shall or will | 

be J be J 

PBESENT PEBFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. 1 have been ) We have been ) 

2. Thou hast been I loved. You have been I loved. 

3. He has been ) They have been ) 

PAST PEBFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. 1 had been ) We had been ) 

2. Thou hadst been V loved. You had been I loved. 

3. He had been ) They had been ) 

FUTUBE PEBFECT TENSE. 

Sing. Plu. 

1. I shall or will be "] We shall or will be"| 

2. Thou shalt or wilt | You shall or will I 

be gloved. be gloved. 

3. He shall or will | They shall or will | 

be J be J 

POTENTIAL MODE. 

PBESENT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I may or can be ) We may or can be ) 

2. Thou mayst or canst be I loved. You may or can be i loved. 

3. He may or can be ) They may or can be ) 

PAST TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I might, could, &c, be ) We might, &c, be ) 

2. Thou mightst, &c, be I loved. You might, &c.,be I loved. 

3. He might, &c, be ) They might,&c.,be ) 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



49 



PBESENT PEBFECT TENSE. 
Sing. Plu. 

1. I may, &c:, have") We may, &c, have" 

been been 

2. Thou may st, &c, !-. i You may, &c, have 



have been 
3. He may, &c.,have 
been 



been 

They may, &c.,have 
been 



gloved. 



PAST PEBFECT TENSE. 

Sing, Plu. 

1. I might, &c, have") We might, &c, have 

been been 

2. Thoumightst, &c., l , -. You might, &c.,have 

i -, & ' ' J- loved. x. 5 

have been been 

3. He might, &c, 

have been I 



They might, &c. 
have been 



loved. 



IMPERATIVE MODE. 

PBESENT TENSE. 
Be you, thou, ye loved. 

SYNOPSIS. m 

234. The synopsis of a verb is the arrangement of its modes 

and tenses in a singular number; as, 
Indicative Mode. 
Present Tense, I see; Present Perfect, I have seen. 
Past Tense, 1 saw; Past Perfect, I had seen. 
Future Tense, I shall see; Future Perfect, I shall 

have seen. 

EXERCISE XXXVIII. 

235. Write full synopsis of the verb see in potential mode 

active form, and in the passive form, indicative and 
potential modes. 

EXERCISE XXXIX. 



236. Learn the principal parts of these verbs : bite, bring, 
build, buy, choose, come, dream and drink, 



50 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



237. Write sentences using the principal parts of the verbs 

in 236. 

EXERCISE XL. 

238. Write the synopsis of the verbs in 236. 

EXERCISE XLI. 

239. Learn the principal parts of the following verbs, and 

use them in sentences as in 237: break, burn, 
cling, creep, cost, dig, drive, eat and fall. 

240. Write a synopsis of the verbs in 239. 

AGREEMENT OF THE VERB, 

241. A verb must agree with its subject in person and 

number. It is generally singular when its subject 
is singular, and plural when its subject is plural. 

242. A verb is singular when its subject, though plural in 

form, represents a single idea; as. 

(a) Mathematics is a hard study. 

(b) "The 'Pleasures of Hope' is a splendid poem." 

243. A verb is plural if it has two or more subjects con- 

nected by and; as, 
John and James are present. 

244. If the connected subjects are only different names for 

the same individual, or represent a single idea, the 
verb is singular; as, 

(a) The poet and scholar is dead. 

(b) "A hue and cry was raised." 

245. If singular subjects are emphatically distinguished,the 

verb is singular; as, 

"Ambition, and not the safety of the State, was con- 
cerned." 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 51 



246. If the subjects are of different numbers, and emphat- 

ically distinguished, the verb agrees with the 
firsts as, 
The horses, as well as the driver, were killed. 

247. If each, every, or no, precedes the subject, the verb is 

singular-, as, 
Every leaf and every flower has its time to fade. 

248. If one of the subjects is taken affirmatively and the 

other negatively, the verb agrees with the affirma- 
tive subject; as, 
His brothers, and not John, were guilty. 

249. A verb is singular if it has two or more singular sub- 

jects connected by or or nor-, as, 
James or John is coining. 

250. If the subjects are of different persons or numbers, 

the verb agrees with the nearest subject; as, 
Either the merchant or his clerks were absent. 

251. If the subject is a phrase or a clause, the verb is 

singular. 

EXERCISE XLII. 

252. Give the syntax* of the verbs in the following sen- 

tences : 

1. Words may be parsed. 

2. The vivid lightning flashed. 

3. You do not know your lesson. 

4. Gently blows the evening breeze. 

5. Tall pines are rustling. 

6. The Indians fled, and left their mules behind them. 

7. The fire has been renewed. 

8. Thou hast a heart of adament. 

9. In all her movements are grace and dignity. 



*Mode, tense, person, number, and agreement with subject. 



52 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

10. Each strove to recover his position. 

11. Either George or James has left his hat. 

12. Two and four are six. 

13. Have the horses been fed? 

14. A silk dress, or a flowered bonnet, was then a great 
rarity. 

EXERCISE XLIII. 

253. Give the syntax of the verbs in the following sentences: 

1. "Not a loud voice,but strong proofs bring con- 

viction. 

2. "Veracity, as well as justice, is to be our rule of 

life. 

3. "And every sense, and every heart, is joy." 

4. "No rank, no honor, no condition in life, makes 

the guilty mind happy." 

5. The proper composition and structure of sentences 

are of the highest importance. 

6. Wisdom, and not wealth, procures esteem. 

7. "Their religion, as well as their custom and man- 

ners, was strangely misrepresented. 

8. Each day and each hour, brings its portion of duty. 

9. Neither he nor I am concerned. 

10. Is either the subject or the predicate modified? 

11. Neither Charles nor his brother was able to 

pay the price. 

12. Neither you nor he had seen the place. 

13. The men have spoken. 

14. There he lies. 

EXERCISE XLIV. 

254. Give the syntax of nouns, pronouns, and verbs: 

1. Every book and every paper was taken from its 

place. 

2. Clouds and winds were his only visitors. 

3. Neither his vote nor his influence was withheld 

from the cause in which he engaged. 

4. Sarah and her brother lost the pictures. 

5. Bread and milk is excellent for children. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 53 



6. The great statesman and soldier is dead. 

7. The captain, and not the major, commanded troops. 

8. The rain, as well as the wind, did great damage. 

9. Neither of the parties is able to pay the note. 

10. The cause of these troubles is not known. 

11. The condition of the crops shows that the season 

has been favorable. 

12. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 

13. Our characters, and not our wealth, make us what 

we are. 

14. Not you, but Mary is the best scholar. 

15. The committee meets on Tuesday. 

16. A herd of cattle was grazing on the plains. 

17. Campbell's "Pleasures of Hope," were sold for 

fifty cents. 

18. His bitter speech and unkind acts had inflicted 

deep wounds. 

19. Thrones and powers before him fall. 

20. The rich and the poor have access alike to this 

fountain of peace. 

EXERCISE XLV. 

255. Rewrite the following sentences, correcting all errors 
and give reasons for the corrections: 

1. His pulse is beating too fast. 

2. I called but you were not in. 

3. Neither one own a horse 

4. Every tree and every tall steeple were blown down. 

5. There seems to be horses and cows on that field. 

6. Neither history nor tradition furnish such infor- 

mation. 

7. Every body in all the rooms are requested to take 

their books home. 

8. Generation after generation pass away. 

9. Enough money and time has already been wasted. 

10. Such accomodations as these was provided. 

11. The fleet were seen sailing up the channel. 

12. Peace has at last come, and with it has come many 

changes. 

13. No wife, no mother, and no child, were there to 

comfort him. 



54 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



14. All the world is spectators of your conduct. 

256. Do not use the past participle without an auxiliary 

verb; as, 
He done the work, (has done.) 

257. Do not use the past tense with an auxiliary verb; as, 

The man has came, (come.) 

EXERCISE XLVI. 

258. Learn the principle part of these verbs : begin, arise, 

speak, do, see, learn, drive. 

259. Correct all errors, giving reasons for corrections: 

1. He become our teacher last September. 

2. The work was began in August. 

3. The horse has broke the wagon. 

4. We choosed him for the first place. 

5. He has came and done the work properly. 

6. The girls have arose early this morning. 

7. Is the man's leg broke? 

8. He begun to speak at the court house. 

9. John has chose the best seat in the room. 

10. The guests has just arose from the dinner table. 

11. One of the windows has been broke. 

12. The boys must have did their work well. 

13. He has became the editor of that paper. 

14. He done the work hisself. 

15. James, you have broke your promise. 

EXERCISE XLVII. 

260. Correct all errors as in 259: 

1. The class have wrote all the exercises. 

2. We have saw them come and went. 

3. They must have learnt something by this time. 

4. The snake has bit the colt. 

5. That old horse drunk all the water in the bucket. 

6. The agreement between them was broke to-day. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 55 



7. The cat creeped up softly and has drank the milk. 

8. The man could have drove them through the field. 

9. All the fruit have been eat by the hogs. 

10. The building has fell, and all burned up. 

11. The message was wrote some time ago. 

12. I seen the horses when they was drove by the 

house. 

13. He was choose their leader before they come to 

town. 

14. The cattle has eat the hay. 

15. The ditch was digged very deep. 

EXERCISE XLVIII. 

261. Learn the principal parts of these verbs, and use 

them in sentences: draw, forsake, get, freeze. 

262. Correct all errors as in 259: 

1. John has drew the prize. 

2. The horse drunk at the stream this morning. 

3. He has drove hack for two years. 

4. We have ate our dinners since we come. 

5. The child has fell off the fence and broke its arm. 

6. He forsake them, although they had did much for 

him. 

7. Git out of the way there. 

8. Them apples has been froze. 

9. The man has drank three cups-full. 

10. The poor old lady was forsook by every one. 

11. That fruit was ate last night. 

12. The milk I drunk there was good. 

13. Them horses drawed two ton of coal. 

14. He had his ear froze. 

15. Have the men drew their wages. 

EXERCISE XLIX. 

263. Learn the principal pat ts of the following verbs, and 

write sentences containing their principal parts: 
give, grow, go, fly, hear, know, fling. 



56 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



264. Correct errors as in 259 : « 

1. He flinged it down. 

2. The man who give his farm to his sons, has went 

to town to live. 

3. I hearn them say that he gave out too much string 

when he flyed his kite. ' 

4. It was so dry that the corn growed but little. 

5. I knowed that it was not true that he had drew that 

picture. 

6. The money was gave to that old lady. 

7. They all knowed that I had went to school. 

8. He growed to be a rich man. 

9. They have did very much for the poor. 

10. When he become old, he was forsook by all who 

had got help from him in his young days. 

11. The boys have all went to the other school. 

12. I have knew him to give two dollars at one time. 

13. Them boys said they done more work than these 

here boys. 

14. Each one of the vowels represent several sounds. 
: 15. He might have eat all I had give him. 

EXERCISE L. 

265. Learn the principle parts of these verbs and use them 

in sentences as in 263: learn, leave, lend, light, 
load, lose, mean, past, pay, plead. 

266. Treat these verbs as in 265: ride, run, say, shake, 

see, shear, shine. 

EXERCISE LI. 

267. Correct all errors as in previous exercises: 

1. Us boys run all the way to school. 

2. I seen the horse that drawed that load. 

3. Them boys has shook all the apples off. 

4. The light shined right in my face. 

5. I have saw more than twenty deers there. 

6. They all run to the corner of the lot. 

7. I think he meaned to do what was right, 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 57 



8. Nothing but expense and trouble have came out of 

that business. 

9. My cause and theirs is one. 

10. He, and not I, am the cause of the trouble. 

11. He losed his knife. 

12. I might have went if the boy had saw the hack 

driver. 

13. The tree had fell and it's branches were broke. 

14. You have chose the best one. 

15. I knowed he seen it. 

EXERCISE LII. 

268. Treat these verbs as in previous exercises: raise, rise, 

show, sing, sit, slay, sink, smite, sow, set. 

269. Correct errors as in previous exercises: 

1. I knowed the river would raise. 

2. Has he showed you them pictures, which I had 

spoke to you about ? 

3. After the chorus had sang three times, they all 

set down. 

4. He slayed his only child, and then run away. 

5. He was smote three times with palsy. 

6. The wheat was sowed last week. 

7. Sit the box on the table. 

8. The school sung at the concert. 

9. Your dress sets well. 

10. The mountains raise high above us. 

11. The old white hen has been setting two days. 

12. He sat the bucket down on the ground. 

13. Please set down, and do not raise up again. 

14. The price of wheat has rose to 90 cents a busiiel.' 

15. I have set with him all night. 

EXERCISE LIII. 

270. Treat these verbs as in previous exercises: spell, split, 

spoil, spring, stand, stay, stole, swear, sweep, swell, 
swim. 

271. Treat these verbs as in previous exercises : swing, take, 

tear, teach, throw, tread, wake, wear, weep, write. 



58 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LIV. 

272. Correct all errors, giving reasons for corrections: 

1. The boys throwed stones at the birds. 

2. She teached us grammar. 

3. The horse was stole from the field. 

4. He found that his book had been tore. 

5. The letter could have been wrote sooner, had I 

been spoke to sooner about it. 

6. That suit had been wore out long before I seen 

him. 

7. !N either he nor you was mentioned. 

8. The horses they run down the hill. 

9. I think it was her who said she knowed them kind 

of pears werent no good. 

10. He says he never done no work for you. 

11. He spiled his book and stayed in for it. 

12. I never seen a more happier man. 

13. He tread on my toes and I throwed a stone at him. 

14. When I waked up this morning I found that the 

ground was froze real hard. 

15. My book has been took from my desk. 

EXERCISE LV. 

273. Treat these verbs as in previous Exercises: — lie, lay, 

blow, beat, loose, lose, flow, fly, flee, fall, fell. 

274. Correct all errors, giving reasons for the corrections: 

1. He run into the room and laid down. 

2. When 1 see he had fell, I run to him. 

3. The thief who had stole them bonds, flew to the 

country to escape. 

4. A very large vessel lays at anchor near the shore. 

5. The poor girl had laid sick for four weeks. 

6. They loosed their horses on the commons. 

7. They lost their horses on the commons. 

8. He felled over a stump and loosed his hat. 

9. I am setting by the window and my brother is 

laying on the lounge. 
10. The picked nine has beat at last. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 59 



11. When they had blew out the lights, they creeped 

out quietly. 

12. They was completly beat in the game they played 

yesterday. 

13. They were all laying on the grass when the wind 

raised and blowed so hard that they had to git 
up and fly to the barn for refuge. 

14. That horse has laid their a long time. 

15. The sun raises in the East and sits in the West. 



SHALL AND WILL 

275. Use shall with the first person to express simple 
futurity, or a promise; as, 

shall do the work; that is, I intend to do it. 
shall give you the book; that is 1 promise to 
give you the book. 



&\ 



276. Use shall with the second and the third persons to ex- 

press a promise, a threat, or a command; as, 

(a) You (he) shall receive the book, (promise.) 

(b) You (he) shall be punished, (threat.) 

(c) You (he) shall do the work, (command.) 

277. Use will with the first person to express determina- 

tion; as, 
I will do that work ; that is, I am determined to do it. 

278. Use will with the second and third persons to express 

simple futurity; as, 
You (or he) will do the work. 

EXERCISE LVI. 

279. Use the following verbs in sentences illustrating the 

different uses of shall and will: study, choose, 
know, recite, fight, advance, explore, occupy. 



60 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LVII. 

280. Tell what is expressed by the use of the future tense 

in each of the following sentences: 

1. I shall go to Columbus to-morrow. 

2. You shall attend school to-day. 

3. They will arrive in New York Monday. 

4. The boys will help to move the organ. 

5. The boys shall help to move the organ. 

6. Pupils will prepare this exercise with care. 

7. We will go to Cincinnati Saturday. 

8. You will be satisfied with the result. 

9. "We shall visit the exposition while we are absent. 

10. You shall have a holiday next week. 

11. You shall not go there to-day. 

12. They shall forfeit all their rights to the ground. 

13. I shall assist you whenever I can. 

14. I will not obey him. 

15. They will find but little comfort in that. 

EXERCISE LVIII. 

281. Correct all errors giving reasons for corrections: 

1. Is it him? No, it is me. 

2. Many words they darken speech. 

3. The carpenter approving the plan, he immediate 

adopted it. 

4. There is millions of people in China. 

5. There's ten of them in that choir. 

6. Was you satisfied with the verdict? 

7. Circumstances alters cases. 

8. The commander, with all the troops, were captured. 

9. The scarcety of supplies cause him to halt. 

10. I do not like to hear expressions of these kind. 

11. He dare not touch a hair of Catiline. 

12. Which of them horses is yours. 

13. James was the larger of them all. 

14. A lion is sometimes called a king of beasts. 

15. We are surprised at these news you have brought. 

16. I like the taste of those molasses. 

17. I sent him an Appleton's and a Harper's Reader, 

and he gave it to my brother. 



ENGLISn GRAMMAR. 



61 



18. The presidents hopes was blasted. 

19. These desks are ourn and them is yourn. 

20. Mr. Smith stopped at Jones's and Abbott's foun- 

dry, and bought a stove. 

EXERCISE LIX. 

282. Correct all errors as in last Exercise: 

1. That boy there he is very sick. 

2. In the fifth century the franks a people of germ- 

any inhabited parts of france. 

3. A kings son seemed a young man. 

4. The influence of such associations as these are 

healthful. 

5. The hopes of this entire country was centered on 

one man. 

6. Every bird in the cage are alike. 

7. o what jolly sport, see he does not move. 

8. Can you give another reason jane? 

9. Frank you may tell me why it is there 

10. Miss Stanley our new teacher will be here soon. 

11. Charles bring me Lizzies' History the book lying 

on the table. 

12. I think I will return to lancaster monday. 

13. Her and her father drove into town. 

14. Of what number are each of the following nouns? 

15. That teacher will never learn him to write. 

16. There aint any use of doing that work. 

17. I have got to the river and find the water froze. 

18. He catched cold setting by the open window. 

19. They have lain the body on the table. 

20. Neither you nor John are in fault. 

EXERCISE LX. 

283. Correct the errors and give the syntax of nouns, pro- 

nouns, and verbs: 

1. Each of these desks were broken yesterday. 

2. I hope you shall not forget the time. 

3. The past has now began to renew its quaint exis- 

tence. 



62 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



4. Here come my old friend and companion. 

5. Homer had the greatest invention of any writer. 

6. The nation has been ruined by the profligacy of its 

nobles. 

7. The wise ministers and brave warriors share his 

success. 

8. Miss Goldsmith was a student in vassar Gollege 

in her sixteenth year. 

9. The scots entered the castle at the break of day. 

10. Virture alone is happiness below. 

11. The egyptian style of architecture was the mother 

of the Greek. 

12. The number of our days are with thee. 

13. Greece indeed has fell. 

14. Did she fell like lucifer, never to rise again? 

15. The throne which we honor is the People's choice. 

16. Accept my dear young friend this expression of 

my regard. 

17. Much stress was lain upon delivery by demosthenes 

the greatest of Ancient orators. 

18. The canterberry tales chaucers chief work suggest- 

ed to longfellow the plan of the tales of a way- 
side inn. 

19. Virgil the chief poet among the romans' was fond 

of rural life. 

20. The poor and the rich has one common father. 

21. A fierce spirit of rivalry had took possesion of him. 

22. Then down in peace and innocence he laid. 

23. Long years has elapsed since I gazed on the scene. 

24. Oh! wonderful stream is the river of time! 

25. A soldier of the Legion laid dying in Algiers. 

26. What a world of merriment their melody foretells! 

27. I had just took my seat in the cars at the Colum- 

bus depot. 

28. You have mistook your man this time. 

29. JSTo one knowed what had became of him. 

30. He had laid up quite a snug little sum of money. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 63 



ADVERBS. 

284. Adverbs modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and 

other adverbs. 

285. The simple adverb modifies the verb, adjective, or ad- 

verb directly; as, 
The pupil worked the example correctly. 

286. An interrogative adverb introduces a question; as, 

Where did he go? 

287. A conjunctive adverb introduces an adverbal clause 

and connects it to some word which the clause 
modifies; as, 
1 came when I heard you call me. 

288. Words like not, indeed, certainly, and perhaps, mod- 

ify the meaning of the entire sentence, and are 
called modal adverbs; as, 
Perhaps I may go. 

289. Many adverbs are compared regularly as adjectives 

are; as, 
long, longer, longest; early, earlier, earliest; distinct- 
ly, more distinctly, most distinctly. 

290. Some adverbs are compared irregulary; as, 

much, more, most; well, better, best; little, less, 
least; ill, worse, worst; far, farther, farthest. 

291. Adverbs should not be used for adjectives; as, 

(a) My head feels badly (bad.) 

(b) She looked calmly (calm.) 

292. Adjectives should not be used for adverbs: as, 

(a) The boy speaks plain (plainly.) 

{b) They did the work very bad (badly.) 



64: 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



293. Two negative words should not be used so as to con- 

tradict each other; as, 
(«) He is'nt no scholar. 
(b) He has'nt received a dollar, I don't believe. 

294. Adverbs should be placed where there can be no un- 

certainty as to what they are intended to modify ; as, 
(&) He tries loudly to shout. 
(b) We only came four times. 

295. The adverb how, should not be used before the word 

that, nor in its place; as, 

(a) They said how that they would sign the contract. 

(b) They said how (that) they would sign the con- 

tract. 

EXERCISE LXI. 

296. Write five sentences under each class of adverbs 

(285-8.) 

297. Write ten sentences containing adverbs in the com- 

parative degree. Rewrite the sentences, changing 
the adverbs ttf the superlative degree. 

EXERCISE LXII. 

298. Classify the adverbs in the following sentences, and 

tell what each modifies. 

1. Death always comes suddenly to those who are not 

prepared. 

2. The tempest roared very loudly. 

3. Horses should be driven carefully. 

4. The boy performed his task quite rapidly. 

5. He acted wisely. 

6. The wind blew frightful. 

7. Whom you ignorantly worship, him I declare un- 

to you. 

8. She speaks so low that she is not heard distinctly. 

9. He was then at college studying dilligently. 
10. How old is that horse? 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



65 



11. When will he return? 

12. That merchant is certainly a very wealthy man. 

13. He walked away rapidly. 

14. You should deal honestly with all men. 

15. Where did he live formerly? 

EXERCISE LXIII. 

299. Correct all errors giving reason for the corrections: 

1. JS T o one knows neither the cause nor the effects of 

such influences. 

2. Such storms are of seldom occurrence. 

3. They arrived at Chicago safely and sound. 

4. Mr. Johnson the mans' brother said how he did 

not believe the report. 

5. Nothing never can change my opinion of such 

performances. 

6. He looks well, but he is very weakly. 

7. The pupils do not pronounce their words distinct. 

8. We sang while we were riding continually. 

9. No one never told me the truth about it. 

10. It is easier said than done. 

11. Their hats were nearly trimmed alike. 

12. The train only left the station an hour ago. 

13. All the children were dressed very comfortable. 

14. I have not had nothing to eat to-day. 

15. The bird is hisn. I listened to it's song. 

EXERCISE LXIV. 

300. Correct all errors: 

1. I feel very bad. 

2. I don't want no man to instruct me. 

3. He reads the paper before breakfast always. 

4. When he feels so badly he will not see nobody. 

5. I can not say whether he will go or no. 

6. She sings so sweet. 

7. He was exceeding careful not to give offense. 

8. Few could act nobler than he did. 

9. He could not enforce the truth no more stronger. 
10. They were nearly hurt alike. 



66 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

11. The other boys did not play fair. 

12. It was an uncommon good harvest. 

13. The rose smells sweetly. 

14. She looked cold on him.. 

15. The little boys looked coldly standing there. 

NOUNS AS ADVERBS, 

301. Nouns used to express time, measure, or manner, are 

often used in the objective case with the value of 
adverbs; as, 

(a) The man returned yesterday. 

(b) That child is six years old. 

(c) The horse was trotting full speed. 

(d) You must have it your own way. 

EXERCISE LXV. 

302. Give the construction of all the words in the follow- 

ing sentences: 

1. He will send the boy home that way. 

2. They watched there all night. 

3. He came three times. 

4. It will be all the same a hundred years hence. 

5. The troops did not retreat one inch. 

6. I do not care a straw. 

7. There he lay dead. 

8. How beautiful is night! 

9. All men were created equal. 

10. All the air grew strangely sweet. 

11. The secretary stood alone. 

12. These lands are called fertile. 

EXERCISE LXVI. 

303. Correct all errors: 

1. Either of the boys are willing to go. 

2. She looks gracefully in that dress. 

3. He was dressed in a manner suitable to his station, 

4. This situation is more preferable than that. 

5. Of the whole class, John is more studious. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 67 



6. The imperative is only used in the second person. 

7. The sermon was awful long. 

8. Here comes the soldiers. 

9. A long list of names have been obtained. 

10. Neither we nor any one else are able to find it. 

11. The bell has rang. 

12. Who has broke the window in that room? 

13. Kings have toiled and poets wrote for fame. 

14. In no case are pupils so apt to err as in the word 

only. 

15. He never done well and perhaps never shall. 

16. He raised up and throwed the package over the 

fence. 

17. All the company have went home. 

18. Neither he nor you was spoke to about it. 

19. Such a collection of pleasing objects charm the eye. 

20. Two month's time were enough for the review. 



PREPOSITIONS. 

304. A preposition is a connecting word, used to show the 

relation of a noun or a pronoun following it, to 

some other word ; as, 
He stood behind the wall. 
Rem. — "behind" shows the relation of "wall" to 

"stood". 

305. The noun or pronoun following the preposition must 

be in the objective case. It is known as the object 
of the preposition ; as, 
He threw the stone at me. 

306. The preposition and its object constitute a phrase, 

which has the value of an adverb or an adjective; 
as, 

(a) John went to town. (Where?) 

(b) The dew of the morning (morning dew) has 
passed away. 



68 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LXVII. 

307. Give the use and object of each preposition in the fol- 

lowing sentences, and tell what the phrases modify. 

1. They met each other on the road. 

2. I arrived in time. 

3. A gleam of blue lies on the water. 

4. He raised his eyes to the window at which I was 

standing. 

5. The history of the world is full of testimony to 
prove how much depends upon industry. 

6. A smile played on his lips, and in his voice was 

heard paternal sweetness. 

7. He heard the birds singing in the morning. 

8. The hills are covered with a carpet of green. 

9. I kept in advance of the skirmishers. 

10. The streets were strewn with muskets. 

11. The opponents of capital punishment in France 

have just been furnished with a weapon. 

12. Travelers can ascend, by a winding road, to Mt. 

Washington. 

13. The climate of Florida is favorable to invalids. 

14. When I look upon the tombs of the great, every 

emotion of envy dies within me. 

15. The father of Epic poetry is Homer, who has given 

to us, in the Iliad, the story of Troy divine. 

EXERCISE LXVIII. 

308. In the following sentences, change the adverbs into 

adverbial phrases. 

1. He performed the task easily. 

2. The surveyor measured the land accurately. 

3. The army will encamp here te-night. 

4. When will the troops engage in battle? 

5 They are waiting patiently for the order to charge. 

6. Hitherto I have thought him an honest man. 

7. When you are asked a question, answer politely. 

8. Where will the people assemble? 

9. Handle this tool carefully. 

10. The man anxiously awaits the decision of the judge. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



69 



11. The present was kindly received. 

12. Flowers were seen everywhere. 

13. The children were neatly dressed. 

14. We were going homeward at the time. 

15. Now the grass is growing rapidly. 



USE OF PREPOSITIONS, 

309. The use of a preposition should not be omitted when 

one is needed; as, 
(Of) what use is this book? 

310. A preposition should not be used when one is not 

needed; as, 

(a) In what state do you live in% 

(b) Where is the book at\ 

(c) They left/br to go home. 

311. A preposition governing a series of objects should be 

used before the entire series, or be repeated before 
each term of the series ; as, 

(a) He is a man of ability,scholarship and experience. 

(b) By attention to his work,by industry, and by good 
fortune, he succeeded. 

312. Learn the meaning of prepositions, and exercise great 

care in their use. 

313. Between and betwixt refer to two objects; amidfst) 

and among (st), to more than two. 

Beside means by the side of\ besides means in addition 
to. 

With denotes the instrument; it may denote accom- 
paniment. 

In is applied to an action taking place within a place ; 
into denotes entrance. 

From may be used after the adjective different; to 
and that are not so used. 

But and save, in the sense of except, are prepositions. 



70 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LXIX. 



314. Write sentences showing the correct use of the follow- 
ing prepositions, and those mentioned in 313; 
across, around, round, araid(st) at, to, in, by, of, up, 



315. Different prepositions may be used with the same 

word to express different relations, as shown by the 
following: 

(a) They' arrived at the station in time for the train. 

(b) He was angry with his brother at his conduct. 

(c) We were stopping at a hotel in Cincinnati. 
id) She had a taste for painting. 

(e) The boy took a taste of the apple. 

(r) The scene is familiar to all. 

(g) "We are familiar with the story. 

(A) He will look after his interests. 

(i) "We shall look for the bill that was lost. 

(j) We look on the scene with fear. 

EXERCISE LXX. 

316. Write sentences using this list of words combined 

with the prepositions following them : 
defend, against, from; careless of, in, about. 
die of, by, for; inquire for, into, of. 

anxious for, about; strive for, with, 

different from; useful in, to, for. 

advantage of, over; argue with, against, 

differ with, from. 

EXERCISE LXXI. 

317. Fill blanks in the following sentences with the proper 

preposition : 

1. They differed me my opinion 

the case. 

2. The machine is well adapted use a 

level country. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 71 



3. They were anxious the result the elec- 

tion. 

4. They were anxious the possession of the 

gift. 

5. The men were familiar the persons and 

places them . 

6. The scenes were all familiar us. 

7. Many of the crew died hunger. 

8. Be careful your pets. 

9. Be careful your deportment others. 

10. He accommodated him self the circumstances. 

11. They were all accommodated positions 

front. 

12. They agreed the proposition. 

13. 1 agree you all you say. 

14. They agreed themselves to burn the town. 

15. The father was angry his son the 

great crime committed. 

16. You can confide ■ — him. 

17. They live the turn the road. 

18. He distributed the presents his Hve children. 

EXERCISE LXXII. 

318. Fill the blanks with proper prepositions: 

1. The soil is adapted ■ — hemp and tobacco. 

2. what does honor consist? 

3. Words are omitted some sentences. 

4. This case has no resemblance . the other. 

5. You may rely what they say. 

6. The bird flew tree. 

7. The lady lost her purse the water. 

8. His argument produced no change the man's 

opinions. 

9. They quarrelled one another. 

10. The money was divided four persons. 

11. "Who shall Hx a limit his labors. 

12. They persevered — their work. 

13. I differ —you on that point. 

14. Thompson was there the rest. 

15. The army was perishing thirst. 



72 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

16. Please come the house. 

17. The children are the river. 

18. The goods do not correspond the sample 

you sent. 

19. There was a difference opinion the 

six appraisers. 
20. what are you so intent? 

21. The boy is not careful his books. 

22. He drove the bridge the city. 

EXERCISE LXXIII. 

319. Correct all errors: 

1. He went around the country making speeches. 

2. He wore a collar about his neck. 

3. The place of meeting was across the river. 

4. He stood firm among the storm. 

5. The lark reared her brood among the corn. 

6. He remained to church all day. 

7. He placed the message into my hands. 

8. The wind has broke the vessel to pieces. 

9. He has threw hisself out of the bed. 

10. We entreat of thee to hear us. 

11. It is not worthy our notice. 

12. The army then turned to the east. 

13. They were out among snow and hail. 

14. Attend upon what the teacher says. 

15. Mr. Judson died with a fever. 

16. It is different to what I expected. 

17. They are staying into a private house at Columbus. 

18. There was a difference of opinion between the 

members of the Board. 

19. The boy had fell in the river while crossing the 

bridge. 

20. The shoes does not correspond to the sample. 

EXERCISE LXXIV. 

320. Correct errors: 

1. There was music between each act of the play. 

2. He lives to Chicago, but he is now at New York. 

3. All the girls is into the house. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 73 



4. Did you came with him? 

5. The boys are into trouble concerning their ball. 

6. Is it him you are looking for? 

7. We cannot allow of such things. 

8. In compliance of your request, I am within your 

presence. 

9. The fruit was divided among the two boys. 

10. There is difference between you arid I. 

11. To whom did you give the marbles to? 

12. Where are they all agoing to? 

13. That family is in want for bread. 

14. To whom does the honor belong to? 

15. He makes no good use with his money. 

16. There was no one at the meeting except he and the 

minister. 

17. I differ with you on that subject. 

18. They recited their lesson to Mary and I. 

19. He is a man of wealth, reputation, and influence. 

20. We have this list beside the one already presented. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

321. Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, 

and sentences. 

322. Co-ordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, or 

clauses of equal rank. They are such as and, or, 
but, neither, nor, or, either or, neither nor, both 
and, as well as, therefore, and others ; as, 
John and James study. 

323. Subordinate conjunctions connect clauses of different 

rank. The subordinate clause is a dependent 
clause, limiting the antecedent term on which it 
depends; as, 
I returned when he called me. 

324. The following are principal subordinate conjunctions: 

When, while, if, unless, since, because, af{er, before, 
where, till, until, whenever, as, than, for, although. 



74 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

325. Some conjunctions are used in pairs, and are then 

called correlative conjunctions. 

326. Be careful that the conjunctions are followed by the 

right correlative terms, as indicated in the follow- 
ing list: 

Both — and; as, He owns both the horse and the wagon. 

Either — or; as, He must either work or resign. 

Neither— -nor; as, He will neither work nor resign. 

Not only — but also; as, He not only fed him but also 
clothed him. 

Whether — or; as,He could not tell whether it was green 
or blue. 

As — as ; as, He is as old as you. 

So — as; as, He is not so old as I. 

Though — yet; as, Though the water is deep, yet it is 
clear. 

327. Or usually follows & negative term; as, 

(a) No tie of gratitude or of honor could bind him. 
(o) They did not meddle with politics or religion. 

328. Comparison of equality is expressed by as — as, as, 

He is as tall as John. 

329. Comparison of inequality is expressed by so — as, pre- 

ceded by a negative term ; as, 
He is not so tall as John. 
Comparison of inequality is also expressed by the 

comparative degree of an adjective and the word 

than; as, 
He is taller than John. 

330. Conjunctions used to express comparison of equality or 

inequality take the same case after them as before 
them; as, 
(a) He is as strong as I. 

b) He is not so strong as I. 

c) He is stronger than I. 



331. The second term of a comparison is often eliptical; as, 
(a) John is as old as he. (is old.) 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 75 



(b) He is nicer than (he is) wise. 

(c) She loves Jane better than (she loves) me. 

332. Like should not be used for as ; as, 

[a) He should walk as John walks. (Not like.) 



b) Do as he did. (Not like.) 

333. But should not be used for than after the words else, 

other, otherwise, more, and rather; as, 

(a) The table is nothing else than (not but) wood. 

(b) It was no other than (not but) the teacher him- 
self. 

334. If something additional is meant, the words else, oth- 

er, and more may be followed by besides-, as, 
He will study other branches besides (in addition to) 
Grammar. 

335. After words of doubting, fearing, and denying, the 

terms but, but that, and but what should not be 
used for that', as, 
I do not doubt that (not but that) he will come. 

336. When correlative conjunctions are used, they should 

be so placed as to mark correctly the contrasted 
terms; as, 

(a) He sold both the horse and the wagon. (Correct.) 

(b) He both sold the horse and the wagon. (Incor- 
rect.) 

(c) He is not only young, but ambitious. (Correct.) 

(d) Not only is he young, but ambitious. (Incor- 
rect.) 

337. A comma should be placed after each term in a series 

of coordinate terms — terms that are aliRe in 
grammatical construction; as, 
(«■) The air, the earth, the water, teem with 

delighted existence. 
(b) Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I 
give my hand and my heart to this vote. 



76 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

A comma is not placed after the last word of the 

series when it is preceded by a conjunction; as, 
Honor, affluence, and pleasure seduce the heart. 

338. Contrasted words and phrases are separated by 

commas; as, 

(a) George, and not James, found the purse. 

(b) The teacher, as well as his pupils, studies the 
lessons. 

(c) He not only prepares his lesson, but he recites it. 

EXERCISE LXXV. 

339. Classify the conjunctions in the following sentences, 

tell what each connects, give case of nouns and 
pronouns, and justify the punctuation: 

1. Bring your books and slate. 

2. Sheep are either white or black. 

3. Talent is something, but tact is everything. 

4. Though they are poor, yet they are contented. 

5. I care not whether he comes or goes. 

6. Read naturally, clearly, and distinctly. 

7. He will neither study nor allow others to do so. 

8. For one week he neither ate nor slept. 

9. The day was dark, cloudy, and stormy. 

10. We must fight, or our liberties are lost. 

11. Obey and live, or disobey and die. 

12. The army was victorious, but the commander was 

slain. 

13. John, be neither a borrower nor a lender. 

14. "Thy Hector, wrapped in everlasting sleep, 
Shall neither hear thee cry, nor see thee weep. 

15. Sentences are either simple, complex, or compound. 

16. To cleanse our opinions from falsehood, our hearts 

from malignity, and our actions from vice, is our 
chief concern. 

17. Infinite space, endless numbers, and eternal 

duration iill the mind with great ideas. 

18. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire 

them, and wise men use them. 

19. Industry, honesty, frugality, temperance, are 

among the cardinal virtues. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 77 



20. Eating or drinking, laboring or sleeping, let us do 

all in moderation. 

21. His bitter and scoffing speech bad inflicted keener 

wounds than bis ambition. 

22. Either yon or I must go. 

23. He acted neither wisely nor prudently. 

24. For Christ sent me not to baptise, but to preach 

the gospel. 

25. He was not only virtuous, but wise. 

26. Mine is as good as yours. 

27. I do not doubt that he acted honestly. 

28. He no sooner retires than his heart burns with 

devotion. 

29. He acted more nobly than James. 

30. Not one of the family either slept or ate. 



EXERCISE LXXVI. 

340. Write sentences containing the conjunctions in 322. 

341. Write sentences containing the conjunctions in 324. 

342. Wtite sentences illustrating the principles stated from 

326 to 338, inclusive. 

EXERCISE LXXVII. 

343. Correct all errors giving reasons for the corrections: 

1. The book is not as accurate as I wish it to be. 

2. I corrupt government is nothing else but a 

reigning sin. 

3. He could not deny but what he borrowed the 

money. 

4. John is taller but not as strong as him. 

5. Was the order of exercise any different than it was 

last night? 

6. He gave more money besides this. 

7. He knew more about the subject than me. 

8. ISTo one could set nor stand while riding on that 

boat. 



78 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IK 



9. James is four years older than me. 

10. Neither the wind or the rain could damage it. 

11. There was a greater quantity of people present 

than usual. 

12. Her talents and not her beauty attracts attention. 

13. He has more often stole his dinner than bought it. 

14. The member neither proposed the measure or 

voted for it. 

15. Him and me wont have to go but you will. 

16. James Patrick is stronger than them both put 

together. 

17. Mary has did her work better than Susan. 

18. He owes more than me. 

19. Mr. Smith used less words than the other speakers. 

20. There were a number of boys who could have done 

it as well <as him. 

21. I like them kind of apples better than these. 

22. Neither John or Henry are in the house. 

23. The teacher not only punished Harry but George. 

24. He sent a less quantity of horses to Chicago than 

mules. 

25. Neither the general or his men knew what had 

taken place that night. 

26. James Lane rarely or ever knows his lesson. 

27. They preferred to ride than to walk. 

28. Not only is he successful bat deserving. 

29. The peaches is not as large as the apples nor are 

they as ripe. 

30. No one can deny but that it is colder to-day than 

yesterday. 

31. No member of the society can speak nor leave the 

room while another member is talking. 

32. The ball is nothing else but cotton. 

33. The boys could not do otherwise but give up the 

game. 

34. This piece is as large if not more so than that. 

35. 1 cannot think but what the lady is kind. 

36. Not only the man gathered the fruit but he sold 

it. 

37. Mr. Morgan sells more goods than what Mr. 

Price does. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 79 



38. No spirits nor poison sold here. 

39. James did the work like his father taught him to 

doit. 

40. Gold is not as useful but heavier than iron. 

41. I do not know if he went or not. 

42. The boy was neither at home or in school that day. 

43. I am as good as him. 

44. It was a more difficult problem than any what I 

had seen. 

45. You might as well confess the truth as to try to 

frame excuses. 

46. The wise and the learned not only heard him but 

the common people. 

47. We are neither weak or cowardly. 

48. The sun the moon the planets the stars are all in 

motion. 

49. Did God create for the poor a coarser earth a 

thinner air or a paler sky? 

50. On the rich and the eloquent on the nobles and 

priests the Puritans looked down with contempt. 

ANOTHER CLASS OF SENTENCES. 

344. A sentence is either simple, complex, or compound. 

A simple sentence contains one statement; as, 
The thunder rolls. 

345. A complex sentence contains one principal sentence, 

and one or more subordinate, or modifying, senten- 

ces ; as, 
(a) I will do that work while you are away. 
(h) The man who works will succeed. 
(c) All nations believe that the soul is immortal. 

346. The subordinate sentence is called a clause. 

347. A compound sentence contains two or more indepen- 

dent sentences connected by co-ordinate conjunc- 
tions; as, 

The winds blow, and the storm rages. 



80 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LXXVIII. 

348. Classify the following sentences, and tell what the 

subordinate clauses modify: 

1. John is a tall boy. 

2. I did not come to school because I was sick. 

3. The pupils who have recited may stand. 

4. The powers which move the world are the tele- 

graph and the printing-press. 

5. The man who came yesterday bought the farm. 

6. The flowers will bloom when spring comes. 

7. A man who is deceitful can not be trusted. 

8. The assembly retired when the orator had finished. 

9. You may go home when you are excused. 

10. Death is the season which tests our principles. 

11. We found the basket where he left it. 

12. There are fruits which never ripen. 

13. They recite while we study. 

THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. 

349. The words that, who, which, and what are relative or 

conjunctive pronouns. They introduce subordi- 
nate clauses which they join to some noun or pro- 
noun called the antecedent of the relative. 

350. The subordinate clause introduced by the relative pro- 

noun is an adjective clause, and modifies the ante- 
cedent of the relative; as, 
The man who bought the horse paid for him. 

351. The relative pronoun may be (a) the subject of the 

subordinate clause, (b) the object complement (a) 
the object of a preposition, or (d) it may be in the 
possessive case; as, 
(<z) The boy who works will succeed. 

(c) The lady whom we saw is ill. 

(d) The man to whom you sent the note, answered 
it. 

(d) The gentleman whose house we bought has gone 
to the country. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 81 



352. The relative who has the possessive form whose and 

the objective form whom. 
Which has the possessive form whose. 

353. * Who represents persons, which represents all other 

objects, and that represents persons and other ob- 
jects, and is sometimes used instead of who or 
which. 
What represents things. Its antecedent is not ex- 
pressed. 

354. Who, which, and what, when used to answer questions, 

are called interrogative pronouns; as, 
(a) Who owns that house? 
(£) Which horse did you drive ? 
(c) What did he say? 

EXERCISE LXXIX. 

355. In the following sentences, point out the relative clau- 

ses, the relative pronouns, and give the use, an- 
tecedent, case, and government of the relatives. 

1. He who does wrong deserves punishment. 

2. He is a man whom all respect. 

3. Have you found the book which you lost? 

4. This is the frog that we caught in the brook. 

5. There stands a man whose pocket was picked. 

6. Avoid rudeness of manners which always hurts 

the feelings of others. 

7. Did the boy who found the money return it? 

8. It is John whom we sent. 

9. I venerate the man whose heart is warm. 

10. Islands are the tops of mountains whose base is in 

the bed of the ocean. 

11. He described the things that he saw. 

12. I saw him whom you met. 

13. We visited the man to whom you sent the goods. 
14 I shall return the book which you lent me. 

15. We then commenced the exercise to which all 

listened. 

16. These are the men whose horses ran away. 



82 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



17. I am the person whom you wish to see. 

18. We saw your brother whom they elected secretary. 

19. They sleep the sleep that knows no waking. 

20. I cannot hear what you say. 

SYNTAX 0E PRONOUNS. 

356. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person 

and number. Its case depends on its relation to 
other words. 

357. If a pronoun relates to words of different persons, it 

should agree with the first person rather than with 
the second, and with the second rather than with 
the third; as, 

(a) James and you and /will keep our wheat. 

(b) You and John may sell yours. 

358. When singular pronouns of different persons are used, 

the second precedes the third, and the third the 
first; as, 
You, he, and I will go. 

359. When plural pronouns are used, the following is in 

order : 
We, you, and they will go. 

360. The pronoun is singular if it relates to two or more 

words connected by or or nor. 
John or James may hand me his book. 

361. The pronoun is singular if it represents a collective 

noun denoting unity of idea; as. 
The society elected its officers. 

362. The pronoun is singular if it relates to a noun limited 

by each, every, either neither, or one, or relates to 
either of them (each, every, either, neither* one) 
used alone as a noun ; as, 

(a) Every boy may bring his book to me. 

(o) Each to\d his story. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 82> 



363. The pronoun is plural if it represents two or more 

nouns connected by and; as, 
John and James may bring me their books. 

364. The pronoun is plural if it relates to a collective noun 

denoting plurality ; as, 
Thejiwy did not agree in their verdict. 

365. If a pronoun refers to words denoting different 

genders, the masculine form is usually used; as, 
Each pupil should do his own work. 

366. The masculine form of the pronoun is used if the 

gender of its antecedent is not known; as, 
If any one calls for this book, let him have it. 

367. The masculine and feminine form of pronouns are used 

to represent things personified; as, 

(a) G-rim-visaged War has smoothed his wrinkled 
front. 

(b) The moon showed but half her face. 

EXERCISE LXXX. 

368. Write sentences illustrating the principles stated from 

356 to 367 inclusive. 

369. Give the syntax (number, person, agreement with 

antecedent, case, government) of pronouns: 

1. Sarah brought her book and laid it on the table. 

2. Can such a country betray itself? 

3. When the committee had made their report, they 

w T ere discharged. 

4. The true friend of his country is he who regards 

its future well-being. 

5. If any one would test these rules, he must apply 

them under all circumstances. 

6. Is any among you afflicted? Let him pray. 

7. He hastened to his father's house which he 

entered immediately. 



84 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



8. Pupils, this is the rule to which I call your 

attention. 

9. Every member of the society should attend to his 

duties. 

10. That life is long which answers life's great end. 

11. One of you must relinquish his claim. 

12. The army made good its retreat. 

13. Let every book and every slate be put in its place. 

14. Mr. Smith or Mr. Neason will favor us with his 

presence. 

15. Let each pupil who has the answer raise his hand. 

16. Each may answer for himself. 

17. Can any one say that he has not been deceived ? 

18. You and I will give our support to the opposite 

party. 

19. You, he, and I are included in the number. 

20. When any one asks you a question answer him 

politely. 

21. All understand their obligations. 

22. The committee were unanimous in their report. 

23. John and Charles lost their marbles. 

24. Either John or Charles lost his marbles. 

25. Neither John nor James lost his marbles. 

EXERCISE LXXXI. 

370. Correct all errors and give syntax of all pronouns: 

1. A civilized people has no right to violate their 

solemn obligations. 

2. Each one is to bring their books. 

3. If any pupil is prepared, they may hold up their 

hand. 

4. No book or paper were out of their place. 

5. Neither John nor James worked their examples. 

6. If one takes a wrong method at first, it will lead 

them astray. 

7. The committee has done its work. 

8. Neither good nor evil come of themselves. 

9. If a boy or girl whispers this morning, they will 

be punished. 
10. The Army destroys everything in their course. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



11. The board of health publish their proceedings. 

12. The multitude pursue pleasure as its chief good. 

13. The association has the right to adopt their own 

laws. 

14. The school has their own opinion on that subject. 

15. The assembly executed their plan without hes- 

itation. 

16. The crowd went to its home. 

17. Let each person who thinks so, raise their hand. 

18. The army was eating its dinner when it was at- 

tacked. 

19. Avoid haughtiness of behavior and affectation of 

manners ; it implies a want of solid merit. 

20. Suffer not jealousy and discontent to enter; it will 

destroy, like a canker, every germ of friendship. 

21. Every man is entitled to liberty of conscience and 

freedom of opinion, if they do not pervert it to 
the injury of others. 



USE OF PRONOUNS. 

371. That is used after same, very, all, adjectives in the 

superlative degree, and interrogative pronouns; as, 
(a) This is the very ball that I bought. 
(5) Is this all that you brought? 

(c) He is the largest horse that I have seen. 

(d) Who that heard the story can doubt its truth? 

372. That should be used instead of who or which when the 

antecedent represents both person and things; as, 
The boy and the dog. that we met were drowned. 



373. The relative is sometimes omitted 



(a) All [that] I have is here. 

(b) This is the hat [which] he gave me. 

(c) [He] "Who steals my purse steals trash." 

The relative should be expressed when it is necessary to 

the sense of the sentence; as, 
He is still in the position [in which] he was last year. 



86 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

374. Which may have a sentence for its antecedent; as, 
He was engaged in making others happy, which was 

a worthy employment. 

375. The preposition which governs the relative that i» 

placed at the end of the clause; as, 
He is the very student that I roomed with. 

376. The preposition governing the relatives whom or what 

may be placed at the end of the clause; as, 

(a) I met the man whom you sold the horse to. 

(b) This is the coffee which you spoke of. 

It is better to place the preposition before the relative; 

as, 
(a) I met the man to whom you sold the horse. 
(5) This is the coffee of which you spoke. 

377. After same and such, the word as has the value of a 

relative pronoun; as, 
He received such things as were brought. 

378. After negatives the word but is regarded as a relative; 

as, 
There is not a pupil present but [who does not] under- 
stand this. 

379. Do not use a pronoun when its antecedent is not easily 

determined; as, 
If the lad should leave his father, he would soon die. 
(Who would die?) 

380. Do not use pronouns unnecessarily; as, 

The boy he fell. 



381. Do not use different kinds of pronouns in the same 
construction; as, 
If you are my friend, lend me thy horse. 



382. Do not use different pronouns in several adjective 
clauses, if the clauses modify the same word; as, 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 87 



The man who sold his farm, and that broke his leg, 
and which bought a store, made an assignment. 

383. The adjective clause should be placed near the word 

which it modifies; as, 
The horse which is made of wood belongs to the boy. 

(Correct.) 
The horse belongs to the boy which is made of wood. 

(Incorrect.) 

384. The words whoever, whichever, and whatever, are 

called compound relative pronouns. 

EXERCISE LXXXII. 

385. Write sentences illustrating the uses of pronouns as 

given from 371 to 384 inclusive. 

EXERCISE LXXXTII. 

386. Explain the ttse of the pronouns in the following 

sentences, and tell what the clauses modify: 

1. The bird which I caught could not fly. 

2. I read the paper that you sent. 

3. He is the man whose name is a terror. 

4. I promoted the pupil whom you examined. 

5. They consider him a person with whom you should 

not associate. 

6. That boy has the book which she found. 

7. He is the very man that they said had run away. 

8. The teacher assigned us a lesson which she thought 

would be instructive. 

9. Life is a flower of which love is the houey. 

10. This is the greatest pleasure that I have. 

11. This is the same bird that I caught yesterday. 

12. "I wrong the honorable man 

Whose daggers have stabbed Caesar." 

13. Who is the man that found the money? 

14. There was a certain farmer who purchased a store. 

15. Those who desire to be happy should be careful to 

do that which is right. 

16. I do not know who it is. 



88 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



17. I will promote him whom I think to be the most 

deserving. 

18. They are such as I have. 

19. "There is no fireside, howsoever defended, 

But has one vacant chair." 

20. Tears such as an gels weep burst forth. 

21. I do not know any man that says the same. 

22. Who that has known him can refuse? 

23. He gave ,all that he had. 

24. The evil that men do lives after them. 

25. Both Cato and Cicero loved their country. 

26. Some gentlemen, who had been Mr. Perry's 

friends, and who wished to show their regard for 
him, sent him an easy chair. 

27. Many persons who conquer their anger cannot 

conquer their pride. 

28. Does a son who loves his parents ever disobey 

them? 

29. Civil war is an evil of which history furnishes 

many examples. 

30. They were visiting the man whose house was 

robbed. 

31. It is not known to whom the credit belongs. 

32. We will walk to the farm for which they paid a 

high price. 

33. It is he from whom he received the gift. 

34. He sold the hat the merchant gave him. 

35. These are the very books we want. 

36. That is the horse which started first, and which 

gained the race. 

37. It is I to whom you are to recite. 

38. Each of his brothers is present. 

EXERCISE LXXXIV. 

387. Correct all errors &nd give reasons for the corrections: 

1. Read thy doom in the flowers who fade and die. 

2. Who did you see? 

3. Albert hurt hisself. 

4. Them that seek wisdom shall find it. 

5. Who do you want? 

6. Who did you come with? 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 89 



7. I do not know who she went with, 

8. I gave it to somebody; I have forgotten who. 

9. Poverty and wealth have each their own tempta- 

tions. 

10. One or the other of us must give up their house. 

11. I do not know which one of the men finished their 

work first. 

12. Does any gentleman or lady wish to have their 

fortune told? 

13. John he went, and Mary she went; but the rest, 

they all remained at home. 

14. Henry Barlow lost his book. 

15. The king dismissed his minister, who had never 

before done so unjust an act. 

16. John told James that his horse ran away. 

17. The servant took away the horse, which was 

unnecessary. 

18. Those which are rich should help those that are 

poor. 

19. Was it you, or the wind, who shut the door. 

20. The horse and the rider which we saw, fell in the 

battle. 

21. This is the very horse which we sold. 

22. A ball was found in the field which was made of 

cotton. 

23. The man and the horse were killed by the cars 

which were on the track. 

EXERCISE LXXXV. 
388. Correct errors as in last Exercise: 

1. Of all the congregations whom I ever saw, this was 

the largest. 

2. This was certainly the largest congregation which I 

ever saw. 

3. Who is the man who dares make these charges? 

4. Pitt was the man what upheld the state. 

5. I am the same as I was. 

6. I gave all what I had. 

7. It is the best which can be found. 

8. This was the most distructive campaign which the 

army ever made. 



90 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



9. The rooks which had built their nests above were 
cawing. 

10. Be thyself and do your duty. 

11. The poor man which can read, and that has a taste 

for reading, can find entertainment at home.. 

12. Who did you give the dress to? 

13. Mrs. Jones expects John and I. 

14. He is a friend who I am much indebted to. 

15. He is the most remarkable man I ever saw. 

16. I thought that tall man was him. 

17. It was not me who you called. 

18. Them that study grammar talk no better than we. 

19. Every one is accountable for their own work. 

20. Who did I refer it to? You or I? 

EXERCISE LXXXVI. 

389. Correct errors as in the last Exercise: 

1. He has some friends wh/ch I know. 

2. The horse which ran away killed hisself. 

3. The boy will receive a reward from his teacher who 

is diligent. 

4. This is the very dog what killed the rat. 

5. The coat was for that boy that was made of wool. 

6. There is no book which, when we examine it closely, 

we cannot find mistakes in it. 

7. Will you sell them horses? 

8. Did you ever see larger apples than them? 

9. Every man should attend to their own business. 

10. Neither one of the horses who fell through the 

bridge broke their legs. 

11. We shall see who is right, John or me. 

12. He or she that is idle you should reprove. 

13. Each one will take their basket. 

14. Each of the five boys know their lesson, but can't 

come to school. 

15. It could not have been them that lost their money. 

16. Let each person which thinks so, raise their hands, 

17. We saw the prisoners and horses who escaped. 

18. He was the best fellow whom I ever saw. 



ENGLISH GRAMMA!*. 91 



19. Each society have their own rules by whom they 

are governed. 

20. Every body should look after their own interests. 

EXERtlSE LXXXVII. 

390. Write ten sentences containing personal pronouns,and 

ten sentences containing relative pronouns, and give 
the syntax of the pronouns. 

EXERCISE LXXXVIII. 

391. Make proper corrections and give the syntax of all 

the nouns and pronouns: 

1. Webster was a man the country will remember with 

pride. 

2. The house which he lived in was burned. 

3. He took some tea, which he was very fond of. 

4. Nature is only a name for an effect whose cause is 

God. 

5. 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the vievv. 

6. I, thou and she shall go to the picnic. 

7. It was them that done the wrong that can never be 

made right. 

8. The regiment was much reduced in their numbers. 

9. Each of our party carried a lunch with them. 

10. The boys and us must learn their lessons to-day. 

11. My son sold his farm to I don't know who. 

12. Let the teacher send you and I. 

13. The man that lives a good life is usually respected. 

14. Children's lives are full of joy that live in the 

country. 

15. Whither thou goest, I will go; and where you lodge, 

I shall lodge. 

16. The boy does not know who he is speaking to. 

17. We are much more powerful than them. 

18. That that thou doest not know, you cannot tell. 

19. He that by usury and unjust gain increas'eth his 

substance, shall gather it for him that will pity 
the poor. 

20. He is very much offended at the statements you 

made. 



92 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



EXERCISE LXXXIX. 

392. Write ten sentences showing violations of rules for the 

use of pronouns. 

393. Fill the blanks with pronouns: 

1. Mr. Jackson has a horse is black. 

2. Every fruit, every flower, every blade of grass, tes- 

tifies to the wisdom of Creator. 

3. Can you give any information concerning the 

country in lives. 

4. Waste is willful brings want is woeful. 

5. I will love love me. 

6. Every pupil gave a potato was to be share 

of the donation. 

7. I am not moved by such influences these are. 

8. Many were deceived by the words he uttered. 

9. He is as heavy as . 

10. was the boy with 1 saw you playing to-day? 

11. Have you found the book you lost? 

12. 'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past lives, 

And ask what report bore to heaven. 

13. Neither has learned lessons to-day. 

- 14. "Woodman, spare that tree; 

Touch not a single bough; 
In youth sheltered me, 

And '11 protect now. 

'Twas my father's hand 

placed near cot. 

Then, woodman, let stand, 

axe shall harm not." 

15. Every season has peculiar powers of striking 

the mind. 

16. One is seldom at a loss what to do with money. 

17. This is the oldest horse 1 have seen. 

18. Jane and you and I will do duty. 

EXERCISE XC. 

394. Write sentences, using the following words as indicated : 

1. A sentence containing me and who. 

2. A sentence containing they and which. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 93 



3. A sentence containing yon, I, and they. 

4. A sentence containing the proper form of he and 

who as the objects of prepositions. 

5. A sentence containing she and whose. 

6. A sentence containing mine, thine, and his. 

7. A sentence containing that, which, and he. 

8. A sentence containing the objective form of they, 

I, and it. 

EXERCISE XCI. 

395. Write 

1. A sentence containing the proper form of we, you, 

and which, as the objects of transitive verbs. 

2. A sentence containing ours, his, and its. 

3. A sentence containing possessive form of which, 

she, and we. 

4. A sentence containing as used as a relative pronoun. 

5. A sentence containing but used as a relative pro- 

noun. 

6. A sentence containing which and its with a collec- 

tive noun as their antecedent. 

7. A sentence containing you, I, he, and our. 

8. Give the syntax of all the pronouns in the sentences 

which you have written. 

EXERCISE XCII. 

396. 1. Write sentences containing the personal pronouns 

as the objects of transitive verbs. 

2. "Write other sentences containing the same pro- 

nouns as the objects of prepositions. 

3. Write sentences containing the words each, neither, 

and one as the antecedents of pronouns. 

4. Give the syntax of all the pronouns in the sentences 

you have written. 

EXERCISE XCIII. 

397. 1 Write sentences, using the right pronoun in relative 

clauses following the superlative degree of the 
adjectives pleasant, wonderful, wise, good,toorst, 
and pretty. 



94 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



2. Write five interrogative sentences containing rela- 

tive clauses. 

3. Use the words soldiers and guns as the antecedents 

of a relative pronoun. 

EXERCISE XCIV. 

398. Write a sentence containing 

1. The word other followed by the word than. 

2. The word as used as a conjunction. 

3. The correlatives as — as followed by a pronoun. 

4. The correlatives either — or. 

5. The correlatives so — as followed by a pronoun. 

6. As well as. 

7. A personal pronoun as attribute complement. 

8. The words lain, set, chose, laid, sat, lay, fewer. 

•* 
EXERCISE XCV. 

399. Write a sentence 

1. Whose subject consists of two words connected 

by or. 

2. Whose subject consists of tw T o words connected 

by hut. 

3. Containing the word laying. 

4. Containing an interjection. 

5. Containing a possessive pronoun as attribute com- 

plement. 

6. Containing a series. 

COLLECTIVE NOUNS. 

EXERCISE XCVI. 

400. Review "Syntax of Pronouns" and the rules for the 

agreement of the verb with its subject, and fill 
the blanks in the following sentences: 

1. The House decide to adjourn April 1. 

2. The public invited to be present at the opening 

of the term. 

3. The jury kept in one room until agreed 

upon a verdict. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 95 



4. A great crowd of people there to witness the 

parade. 

5. The church no jurisdiction in the case. 

6. The people often deceived by Representa- 

tives in Congress. 

7. Congress adjourned until December. 

8. The Board of Education enforced rules. 

9. The party returned with luggage. 

10. In that country the peasantry barefooted. 

11. The army defeated with the loss of com- 

manding officer. 

12. A detachment of men sent to capture the 

outpost. 

13. One half know what the other have . 

14. The Assembly passed the bill at last 

session. 

15. The court now in session. 

16. The fleet tying below the harbor ready to fire 

on the fort with large guns. 

17. The nobility alarmed, and left houses. 

18. The German people coming to America in 

large numbers, bringing customs with . 

19. A flock of sheep seen feeding on the hillside. 

20. The society punished several of members 

for violations of rules. 

21. Your committee the following report of 

findings in the case referred to . 

22. The mob— successful in attack on the jail. 

23. The cattle in that field to Jones, the cattle king. 

24. The community that rights be respected. 

25. The number of cattle in the fields one hundred. 

26. Each one is to bring books. 

27. If any pupil prepared may hold up 

hands. 

28. No book or paper out of place. 

29. Neither good nor evil of . 

30. If one takes a wrong method at first, it will lead 

astray. 

31. The committee performed task. 

32. The army destroy, everything in course. 

33. The multitude persue pleasure as chief good. 



96 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

34. The board of health publish proceedings. 

35. The association the right to adopt own 

laws. 

36. This school opinion on politics. 

37. The assembly executed plans without hesi- 

tation. 

38. The crowd went to home. 

39. The army eating dinner when 

surprised by the enemy. 

PARTICIPLES. 

401. Participles modify nouns and pronouns as adjectives 

do. They have the same complements and modi- 
fiers that verbs have. 

(a) We saw a boy standing by a tree. ("Standing" 
modifies "boy," and is modified by the phrase 
"by a tree.") 

(b) The child stood there crying. ("Crying" is the 
attribute complement, and belongs to the subject 
"child.") 

(<?) They caught him stealing wool. ("Stealing" 
modifies "him" and has "wool" for its object 
complement.) 

402. In such sentences as the following the participle and 

its modifiers are separated from the rest of the sen- 
tence by commas; as, 

(a) Hearing the report, I went there immediately. 

(b) The man, having been discharged, left the city. 

(c) The boy, smiling, entered the room. 

INEINITIVES, 

403. Infinitives are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. 

They may have the complements and modifiers 

of the verb; as, 
(a) To whisper \& forbidden. (Noun — Subject.) 
(b\ The noblest revenge is to forgive. (Noun- — At- 
tribute Complement.) 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



97 



(c) They dislike to scold. (Noun — Object Comple- 
ment.) 

(d) The order to march was given. (Adjective — 
Modifies "order.") 

e) He came to visit us. (Adverb — Modifies "came.") 

f) He is anxious to learn. (Adverb — Modifies 
"anxious.") 

404. There are two infinitives; the present and the per- 

fect \ as, 

(a) They promised to come to-day. 

(b) They ought to have come yesterday. 

405. The to of the infinitives is sometimes omitted; as, 

(a) I heard you (to) come. 

(b) They made the thief (to) surrender. 

406. The present infinitive is used as the complement of a 

verb referring to a future act; as, 
(a) I intended to see you Friday. (Not to have seen.) 
(&) They expected to travel during the summer. 

(c) We hoped to hear favorable news. 

407. The perfect infinitive is used as the complement of a 

verb referring to a past act; as, 
They seemed to have experienced hard times. 

408. In forming the perfect infinitive, the past participle 

is used; as, 

(a) He is said to have written several letters that 
day. 

(b) They appear to have forgotten their obligations. 

EXERCISE XCVII. 

409. "Write sentences illustrating the use of the participle 

and infinitive as given from 401 to 408 inclusive. 

410. Explain the use of participles and infinitives, and cor- 

rect any errors found in the following sentences: 



98 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



1. They have not the force to control the cattle. 

2. He will be expected to take up the burden which 

they are now laying down. 

3. I am sorry to hear of his losses. 

4. The farmer sat in his easy chair, 

Smoking his pipe of clay. 

5. They expected to have been there when he brought 

the goods. 

6. I intended to have wrote to you some time ago. 

7. We descried a vessel stripped of its sails. 

8. I meant to have sat there during the lecture. 

9. I left him setting near you. 

10. I, being the teacher, will learn you to solve the 
problem. 

EXERCISE XCVIII. 

411. In the following sentences, name the participles and 

infinitives, tell the use of each, what it modifies, 
and by what it is modified: 

1. The branch, broken by the wind, fell. 

2. Those girls striving to win the prize live in the 

country. 

3. A room hung with pictures, is a room hung with 

thoughts. 

4. The traveler, having been robbed, sold his horse. 

5. White garments, reflecting the sun's rays, are cool. 

6. John, being weary, retired. 

7. They, laughing, brought both books. 

8. An offense, forgiven, should be forgotten. 

9. The ship, broken by waves, was wrecked. 

10. You promised to call early. 

11. He tries to write plainly 

12. To break a promise is dishonorable. 

13. I heard the owl hoot. 

14. Let them depart. 

15. We saw our homes desolated. 

EXERCISE XCIX. 

412. Dispose of infinitives and participles as in the last 

Exercise: 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



99 



1. The machinery, having been oiled, runs well. 

2. We had a great curiosity to see the battlefield. 

3. We are glad to see you. 

4. To love is natural. 

5. Let no one pass. 

6. He will try to escape. 

7. To try is his privilege. 

8. It is easy to be deceived. 

9. To swear is wicked. 

10. To repent is our duty. 

11. To err is human. 

12. To be truthful was his great desire. 

13. To be called a Roman was counted an honor. 

14. To venture there w r as to die there. 

15. His horse is thought to have been lost. 

16. We were to receive it Monday. 

17. The passage is to be found. 

18. They expected to return. 

19. They all began to sing. 

20. All children love to play. 

EXERCISE C. 

413. Dispose of infinitives and participles as in the last 
Exercise : 

1. We hope to come that way. 

2. We desired to see him. 

3. Each hill attempts to ape her voice. 

4. James went to church to hear the new minister 

preach his first sermon. 

5. He is too honest to steal. 

6. They are strong enough to conquer. 

7. All nature is but an art unknown to man. 

8. I love to lose myself in other men's minds. 

9. He is too weak to walk so far. 

10. They were bold enough to conquer. 

11. The hot-house is a trap to catch sunbeams. 

12. The coffin containing the body of Charles V. was 

removed from the vault. 

13. He decided to visit the gorge. 

14. To deceive is to lie. 

15. Having heard the alarm, she ran to the river. 



100 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



VERBAL NOUNS. 

414. Verbal nouns are words formed from verbs. They 
have the uses and modifiers of the noun, and may 
have the complements and modifiers of the verb; as, 

(a) Studying should occupy your time. (Subject of 
sentence.) 

(b) You should occupy yonr time in studying your 
lesson. (Object of "in;" has "lesson" for its ob- 
ject complement.) 

(e) Love is the fulfilling of the law. (Attribute 
complement, and modi tied by the adjective 
phrase "of the law.") 

(d) 1 enjoy walking by the river. (Object comple- 
ment, and modified by adverb phrase "by the 



415. When the verbal noun is used as a noun without the 

modifiers of the verb, it is preceded by an article 
or an adjective, and followed by of\ as, 

(a) Love is the fulfilling of the law. 

(b) All denouncing of the man is uncalled for. 

416. The participle of a copulative verb and its complement 

may have the value of a verbal noun; as, 

(a) There is no donbt of his being the president. 

(b) His becoming the president was a surprise. 

417. The verbal noun is often modified by a noun or a pro- 

noun in the possessive case; as, 

(a) What do you think of his going to Europe? [Not 
him.] 

(b) The gentleman's reputation as a lawyer was the 
cause of his being appointed to defend the prisoner. 

(c) John's going there armed caused the trouble. 

EXERCISE CI. 

418. Write sentences, illustrating the use of the verbal noun 

as given from 415 to 417 inclusive. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 101 



419. Give the syntax of the verbal nouns in the following 

sentences, and tell "by what they are modified: 

1. The engineer was engaged in making the estimate. 

2. The guard announced the hour for retiring. 

3. Hunting is pleasant recreation. 

4. The careless read without reflecting. 

5. He risked his life in trying to save a man from 

drowning. 

6. You will be benefitted by hearing this man lecture. 

7. The boys were suspected of having stolen the boots. 

8. There was no evidence of the boys having stolen 

the boots. 

9. After hearing the old man's story, I sent him some 

food. 

10. Birds are skilful in constructing their nests. 

11. Tying is sinful. 

12. They had no thought of his catching the horse. 

13. The boys have learned the art of cutting awkward 

capers to music. 

14. They were upon him without his being apprized 

of their coming. 

15. The crowing of the cock awakened the family. 

16. By consulting the dictionary, you may learn the 

meaning of the words. 

17. His making money is no proof of merit. 

18. The boys enjoy playing ball. 

EXERCISE CII. 

420. Correct all errors, and give syntax of the verbal nouns 

and the infinitives: 

1. There is no danger of him being drowned in that 

water. 

2. They ought to have went earlier. 

3. Listening to stories is a pleasant diversion. 

4. I hoped to have got the letter before I left. 

5. Him working that example placed him at the head 

of the class. 

6. It was my intention to return Monday. 

7. I intended to have returned Monday. 

8. They had not heard of Charles being appointed 

captain. 



102 PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 

9. Try to excel him in preparing your lesson. 

10. I did not know of him having learned to paint. 

11. The boy is afraid to go into the water. 

12. He appeared to have been an old sinner. 

13. 1 expected to have wi'ote you while I was on the 

boat. 

14. To retreat without attacking the enemy was not 

their intention. 

15. There was talk of him becoming their leader. . 

16. A path to guide us could not be found. 

17. "If eyes were made for seeing, 

Then beauty is its own excuse for being." 

18. "Of making many boo&s there is no end." 

19. Roaring of the water alarmed them. 

20. The ambition of most men is to become rich. 

21. 1 tried to hear him speak. 

22. I had hoped to have sent my children to school. 

23. The ticking of the clock was distinctly heard. 

24. The project of building a new school house does 

not seem to have met with favor. 

25. The fact of me being a stranger in the city is suf- 

ficient excuse for me being lost. 

26. It was there that I learned of Johnson having 

failed in business. 

27. They have done no more than it was their duty to 

have done under the circumstances. 

28. They barely escaped being smothered. 

29. They were attracted in that direction by the swing- 

ing of the lamp. 

30. Seeing- is believing. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



103 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS, 


Present, 


Past. 


Past Participle. 


Abide 


abode 


abode 


Am 


was 


been 


Arise 


arose 


arisen 


Awake 


awoke, r. 


awoke, r. 


Bear, to bring forth bore, bare 


born 


Bear, to carry 


bore, bare 


borne 


Beat 


beat 


beat, beaten 


Begin 


began 


begun 


Behold 


beheld 


beheld 


Bend 


bent, r. 


bent, r. 


Bereave 


bereft, r. 


bereft, r. 


Beseech 


besought 


besought 


Bet 


bet, r. 


bet, r. 


Bid 


bid, bade 


bid, bidden 


Bind {unbind) 


bound 


bound 


Bite 


bit 


bitten, bit 


Bleed 


bled 


bled 


Blow 


blew 


blown 


Break 


broke, brake 


broken, broke 


Breed 


bred 


bred 


Bring 


brought 


brought 


Build {rebuild) 


built, r. 


built, r. 


Burst 


burst 


burst 


Buy 


bought 


bought 


Cast 


cast 


cast 


Catch 


caught, r. 
chid 


caught, r. 


Chide 


chidden, chid 


Choose 


chose 


chosen 


Cleve, to adhere 


clove, clave, r. 


cleaved 


Cleve, to split 


cleft, clove 


cleft, cloven, r. 


Cling 


clung 


clung 


Clothe {unclothe) 


clad, r. 


clad, r. 


Come {become) 


came 


come 


Cost 


cost 


cost 


Creep 


crept 


crept 


Crow 


crew, r. 


crowd 


Cut 


cut 


cut 


Dare, to venture* 


dust 


dared 



* Dare, to challenge, is regular. 



104 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



Present. 


Past 


Past Partieiple. 


Deal 


dealt, r. 


dealt, r. 


Dig 


dug, R. 


dug, R. 


Dive 


dove, r. 


dived 


Do {outdo, undo) 


did 


done 


Draw 


drew 


drawn 


Drink 


drank 


drunk, drank 


Drive 


drove, 


driven 


Dwell 


dwelt r. 


dwelt, r. 


Eat 


ate, eat [pron. 


ei\ eaten, eat 


Fall (befall) 


fell 


fallen 


Feed 


fed 


fed 


Feel 


felt 


felt 


Fight 


fought 


fought 


Find 


found 


found 


Flee 


fled 


fled 


Fling 


flung 


flung 


Fly 


flew 


flown 


Forbear 


forbore 


forborne 


Forget 


forgot 


forgotten, forgot 


Forsake 


forsook 


forsaken 


Freeze 


froze 


frozen 


Get (beget) 


got, gat 


got, gotten 


Gild 


gilt, r. 


gilt, r. 


Gird (begird) 


girt, r. 


girt, r. 


Give (forgive) 


gave 


given 


Go (undergo) 


went 


gone 


Grave 


graved 


graven, r. 


Grind 


ground 


ground 


Grow 


grew 


grown 


Hang 


hung, r. 


hung, r. 


Have 


had 


had 


Hear 


heard 


heard 


Heave 


hove, r. 


hoven, r. 


Hevv 


hewed 


hewn, r. 


Hide 


hid 


hidden, hid 


Hit 


hit 


hit 


Hold (wit hold) 


held 


held, holden 


Hurt 


hurt 


hurt 


Keep 


kept 


kept 


Kneel 


knelt, r. 


knelt, r 



ENGLISH GEAMMAE. 



105 



Present, 


Past. 


Past Participle. 




Knit 


knit, R. 


knit, r. 




Know 


knew 


known 




Lade 


laded 


laden 




Lay 


laid 


laid 




Lead (mislead) 


led 


led 




Leave 


left 


left 




Lend 


lent 


lent 




Let 


let 


let 




Lie, to recline* 


lay 


lain 




Light 


lit, r. 


lit, r, 




Lose 


lost 


lost 




Make (unmake) 


made 


made 




Mean 


meant 


meant 




Meet 


met 


met 




Mow 


mowed 


mown, r. 




Pay (repay) 


paid 


paid 




Prove 


proved 


proven, r. 




Pnt 


put 


put 




Quit 


quit, r. 


quit, r. 




Kead 


read [pron. red] 


read [red] 




Eend 


rent 


rent 




Pid 


rid 


rid 




Hide (outride) 


rode 


ridden, rode 




Ping 


rung, rang 


rung 




Rise 


rose 


risen 




Pive 


rived 


riven, r. 




Pun (outrun) 


ran, run 


run 




Saw 


sawed 


sawn, r» 




Say 


said 


said 




See 


saw 


seen 




Seek 


sought 


sought 




Seethe 


sod, R. 


sodden, r 




Sell (resell) 


sold 


sold 




Send 


sent 


sent 




Set (beset) 


set 


set 




Shake 


shook 


shaken 




Shape 


shaped 


shapen, r. 




Shave 


shaved 


shaven, r. 




Shear 


sheared 


shorn 




Shed 


shed 


shed 


*- 




* Lie, to utter fahhood, is 


> regular. 





106 



PRACTICAL LESSONS IN 



Present. 

Shine 

Shoe 

Shoot 

Show* 

Shred 

Shrink 

Shut 

Sing 

Sink 

Sit 

Slay 

Sleep 

Slide 

Sling 

Slink 

Slit 

Smite 

Sow 

Speak (bespeak) 

Speed 

Spend (mis-spend) 

Spin 

Spit 

Split 

Spread 

Spring 

Stand (withstand) 

Stave 

Steal 

Stick 

Sting 

Stink 

Stride (bestride) 

Strike 

String 

Strive 

Strow * 

Swear 

Sweat 

* By old writers 

* By old writers 



Past. 
shone, r. 


Past Participle. 
shone, r. 


shod 


shod 


shot 


shot 


showed 


showen, r. 


shred 


shred 


shrunk, shrank 


shrunk, shrunken 


shut 


shut 


sung, sang 


sung 


sunk, sank 


sunk 


sat 


sat 


slew 


slain 


slept 
slid 


slept 
slidden, slid 


slung 


slung 


slunk 


slunk 


slit, R. 


slit, R. 


smote 


smitten 


sowed 


sown, r. 


spoke, spake 
sped, r. 
spent 


spoken 
sped, r. 
spent 


spun, span 
spit, spat 
split 
spread 


spun 
spit 
split 
spread 


sprung, sprang 
stood 


sprung 
stood 


stove, r. 


stove, r. 


stole 


stolen 


stuck 


stuck 


stung 


stung 


stunk, stank 


stunk 


strode, stride 


stridden, strid 


struck 


struct, stricken 


strung 


strung 


strove 


striven 


strowed 


strown 


swore, swore 


sworn 


sweat, r. 


sweat, r. 



sometimes spelled shew, shewed, shewn. R. 
sometimes spelled, strewn, strewed, strewn, R. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



107 



Present. 




Past. 


Past Participle. 


Sweep 




swept 


swept 


Swell 




swelled 


swollen, r. 


Swim 




swam, swum 


swum 


Swing 




swung 


swung 


Take (be-jre- 


^under 


-)took 


taken 


Teach 




taught 


taught 


Tear 




tore 


torn 


Tell 




told 


told 


Think 




thought 


thought 


Thrive 




throve, r. 


thriven, r. 


Throw 




threw 


thrown 


Thrust 




thrust 


thrust 


Tread 




trod 


trod, trodden 


Understand 


(mis-) 


understood 


understood 


Wax 




waxed 


waxen, r. 


Wear {outwear) 


wore 


worn 


Weave 




wove, r. 


w T oven, r. 


Weep 




wept 


wept 


Wed 




wed, r. 


wed, r. 


Wet 




wet, r. 


wet, r. 


Whet 




whet, r. 


whet, r. 


Win 




won 


won 


Wind 




wound, r. 


wound, r. 


Work 




wrought, worked 


r. wrought, r. 


Wring 




wrung, r. 


wrung, r. 


Write 




wrote 


written 



oS^INDEX'Sd 



Adjectives t nt 

. , . . „, J' 35 

Adjective Clause 3 

Apostrophe 2C . 

Adverbs ,- 5^ 

Case j^ 

Case Forms _ j* 

Conjunctions 5 h~ 

Conjugation .5 

Gender 2 - 

Infinitives a~ q ^ 

Interjection ^ 

Nouns ■ 5, 6 

" Collective ^ 94 

" Number Forms of. q 

" Possessive Forms of . . . . 21 

" Verbal '..'.'.'.' '.'.''.'.'.Wioo 

" As Adverbs 55 

Participles . , ^ g6 

Prepositions - 5^ 

Use of ' 69 

Pronouns - 

Personal 3 6 

Relative g 

Interrogative g 2 

Syntax of g 3 



Uses of 

Sentences 

Synopsis 

Shall and Will 

Verbs ^ 

" Regular 

" Irre g"lar I 

" Modes of 

I! Senses of '.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'... .43, 4 

.b orms of . 

Principal parts of : 44 

" Agreement of ~ 



...85 

J 3< 79 

•••49 

••59 

T 5 

44 

°3 

4i 



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